Immunologische Grundlagen der HIV-Infektion und -Toleranz bei Kindern und Erwachsenen

Die hier vorgelegte kumulative Habilitationsarbeit besteht aus sieben Originalarbeiten in drei inhaltlich miteinander verknüpften Themenbereichen. Alle drei sind im Bereich der Erforschung der HIV-gerichteten Immunität, Immuntoleranz und Heilungsforschung der HIV-Infektion angesiedelt. Mit den Bioproben von HIV-infizierten Kindern und Erwachsenen, sowie HIV-negativen Kontrollen, wurden im Rahmen translationaler Grundlagenforschung folgende Themenkomplexe bearbeitet: HIV-gerichtete T-Zellimmunität und deren mögliche Verwendung als therapeutisches HIV-Vakzin, HIV-spezifische neutralisierende und nicht-neutralisierende Antikörperantworten, Immunkontrolle der HIV Infektion und deren Korrelate, Einfluss der antiretroviralen Therapie auf klinische und immunologische Parameter

In-vitro Untersuchungen zum Glioblastom-induzierten Tropismus und zur Migrationsfähigkeit humaner mesenchymaler Progenitorzellen des Knochenmarks

Das Glioblastoma multiforme ist ein maligner hirneigener Tumor mit einer bislang infausten Prognose. Humane mesenchymale Progenitorzellen des Knochenmarks (hMSC) zeigen in-vitro und in-vivo einen ausgeprägten glioblastom¬induzierten Tropismus. Sie sind einfach in der Handhabung, weil sie leicht zu gewinnen, in Kultur zu vervielfältigen und anschließend autolog zu transplantieren sind. Diese Eigenschaften machen hMSC zu vielversprechenden Kandidaten für eine zellbasierte Gentherapie des Glioblastoms. Die molekularen Mechanismen, welche zu der gerichteten Migration der hMSC hin zu den Glioblastomzellen führen und die biologischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Stammzellen und Tumorzellen sind bisher kaum verstanden. Um erste Einblicke in diese Wechselwirkungen zu erlangen, wurden im Rahmen des vorliegenden Promotionsvorhabens in-vitro Untersuchungen zu den Grundlagen des glioblastominduzierten Tropismus von hMSC durchgeführt. Die Fragestellung befasste sich insbesondere damit, welche Chemokine an der Vermittlung der glioblastomgerichteten Migration von hMSC beteiligt sind. Hierzu wurden Migrationsversuche mit einer modifizierten Boyden Kammer durchgeführt, wobei zunächst einige bekannte glioblastomassoziierte Chemokin-kandidaten (IL-8, NT-3, TGF-ß1, EGF, CNTF, GDNF, PDGF und BDNF) getestet wurden. Eine signifikante chemotaktische Eigenschaft auf hMSC wurde hierbei für IL-8, TGF-ß1 und NT-3 beobachtet. Die promigratorische Wirkung dieser drei Chemokine erwies sich hierbei als konzentrationsabhängig. Im Weiteren wurde nachgewiesen, dass die bekannte chemotaktische Wirkung von glioblastom-konditioniertem Medium auf hMSC durch die Zugabe von IL-8, TGF-ß, beziehungs¬weise NT-3 neutralisierenden Antikörpern signifikant reduziert wird. Somit konnte funktionell nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Chemokine tatsächlich eine Rolle beim glioblastominduziertem Tropismus der hMSC spielen. Ergänzend wurde mittels Immunfluoreszenzfärbung die Expression der entsprechenden Chemokin¬rezeptoren auf den hMSC nachgewiesen und die Sekretion der Chemokine durch die Glioblastomzellen mittels ELISA quantifiziert. Aus Vorarbeiten unserer Arbeitsgruppe ist bekannt, dass auch VEGF-A eine chemotaktische Wirkung auf hMSC besitzt. Wie VEGF-A werden auch IL-8, TGF-ß1 und NT-3 von Glioblastomen überexprimiert. Zudem wird über diese Chemokine die Neoangiogenese jener Tumore vermittelt. Dies führt zu der Hypo-these, dass Glioblastome die Migration der hMSC aus dem peripheren Blut in das Tumorgebiet über angiogenetische Signalwege vermitteln. Damit könnten hMSC an dem Prozess der Angiogenese des Glioblastoms beteiligt sein. Ein genaues Verständnis des möglichen Beitrages von hMSC zum Glioblastomwachstum ist eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für ihre mögliche klinische Anwendung als gentherapeutische Vektoren beim Menschen. Deshalb müssen zukünftig neben weiteren in-vitro vor allem in-vivo Studien mit Langzeit-beobachtungen im Tiermodell durchgeführt werden. In diesen Studien sollten die Auswirkungen einer Transplantation nativer hMSC einerseits und genetisch modifizierter therapeutischer hMSC andererseits auf das Glioblastomwachstum untersucht werden. Die vielversprechenden Ergebnisse der bisher vorliegenden Arbeiten lassen hoffen, dass in nicht allzu ferner Zukunft eine bessere Therapie für Patienten mit Glioblastom gefunden werden kann

Increased Regulatory T-Cell Activity and Enhanced T-Cell Homeostatic Signaling in Slow Progressing HIV-infected Children

Pediatric slow progressors (PSP) are rare ART-naïve, HIV-infected children who maintain high CD4 T-cell counts and low immune activation despite persistently high viral loads. Using a well-defined cohort of PSP, we investigated the role of regulatory T-cells (TREG) and of IL-7 homeostatic signaling in maintaining normal-for-age CD4 counts in these individuals. Compared to children with progressive disease, PSP had greater absolute numbers of TREG, skewed toward functionally suppressive phenotypes. As with immune activation, overall T-cell proliferation was lower in PSP, but was uniquely higher in central memory TREG (CM TREG), indicating active engagement of this subset. Furthermore, PSP secreted higher levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 than children who progressed. The frequency of suppressive TREG, CM TREG proliferation, and IL-10 production were all lower in PSP who go on to progress at a later time-point, supporting the importance of an active TREG response in preventing disease progression. In addition, we find that IL-7 homeostatic signaling is enhanced in PSP, both through preserved surface IL-7receptor (CD127) expression on central memory T-cells and increased plasma levels of soluble IL-7receptor, which enhances the bioactivity of IL-7. Combined analysis, using a LASSO modeling approach, indicates that both TREG activity and homeostatic T-cell signaling make independent contributions to the preservation of CD4 T-cells in HIV-infected children. Together, these data demonstrate that maintenance of normal-for-age CD4 counts in PSP is an active process, which requires both suppression of immune activation through functional TREG, and enhanced T-cell homeostatic signaling

Unexpected results found in larvae samples from two postmortem forensic cases

PURPOSE: In forensics, entomological specimens can be used as additional/alternative matrices to detect xenobiotics when human specimens are limited in their application. Despite some advantages over implementing putrefied human remains, most medico-legal laboratories do not include entomotoxicological procedures as routine analytical methods. We thus applied two authentic cases to evaluate necrophagous larvae’s potential as complementary matrices for toxicological analysis after extensive postmortem decomposition. METHODS: Larvae and postmortem human samples, including hair, stomach contents, pericardial fluid, liver, lung, and skeletal muscle, were collected at autopsy. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for pharmaceutical substances, illicit drugs, and new psychoactive substances, including synthetic cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, new synthetic opioids, and stimulants. RESULTS: Nearly all substances detected in human specimens, including several benzodiazepines and synthetic cannabinoids, were also detected in larvae. Surprisingly, some drugs, including the new psychoactive substances EAM-2201 and U-47700, were found exclusively in larvae and hair. The benzodiazepine etizolam was detected only in liver, lungs, and stomach contents, possibly resulting from characteristic tissue distribution in humans and/or larvae. CONCLUSIONS: Antemortem external hair contamination with synthetic cannabinoids from side-stream smoke and postmortem hair contamination with substances in putrefaction fluids can be supposed in these cases. Our findings suggest that supplementary information can indeed be gained from analyzing larvae additional to those human specimens that are typically used for toxicological analysis after extensive postmortem decomposition. Nevertheless, these results represent merely two cases, requiring in-depth studies to determine whether such findings can identify acute intoxications as possible causes of death

Cytomegalovirus-mediated T cell receptor repertoire perturbation is present in early life

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent herpesvirus, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is endemic from infancy. The T cell response against CMV is important in keeping the virus in check, with CD8 T cells playing a major role in the control of CMV viraemia. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B*44:03-positive individuals raise a robust response against the NEGVKAAW (NW8) epitope, derived from the immediate-early-2 (IE-2) protein. We previously showed that the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire raised against the NW8-HLA-B*44:03 complex was oligoclonal and characterised by superdominant clones, which were shared amongst unrelated individuals (i.e., “public”). Here, we address the question of how stable the CMV-specific TCR repertoire is over the course of infection, and whether substantial differences are evident in TCR repertoires in children, compared with adults. We present a longitudinal study of four HIV/CMV co-infected mother-child pairs, who in each case express HLA-B*44:03 and make responses to the NW8 epitope, and analyse their TCR repertoire over a period spanning more than 10 years. Using high-throughput sequencing, the paediatric CMV-specific repertoire was found to be highly diverse. In addition, paediatric repertoires were remarkably similar to adults, with public TCR responses being shared amongst children and adults alike. The CMV-specific repertoire in both adults and children displayed strong fluctuations in TCR clonality and repertoire architecture over time. Previously characterised superdominant clonotypes were readily identifiable in the children at high frequency, suggesting that the distortion of the CMV-specific repertoire is incurred as a direct result of CMV infection rather than a product of age-related “memory inflation.” Early distortion of the TCR repertoire was particularly apparent in the case of the TCR-β chain, where oligoclonality was low in children and positively correlated with age, a feature we did not observe for TCR-α. This discrepancy between TCR-α and -β chain repertoire may reflect differential contribution to NW8 recognition. Altogether, the results of the present study provide insight into the formation of the TCR repertoire in early life and pave the way to better understanding of CD8 T cell responses to CMV at the molecular level

High-Frequency, Functional HIV-Specific T-Follicular Helper and Regulatory Cells Are Present Within Germinal Centers in Children but Not Adults

Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 are an effective means of preventing transmission. To better understand the mechanisms by which HIV-specific bnAbs naturally develop, we investigated blood and lymphoid tissue in pediatric infection, since potent bnAbs develop with greater frequency in children than adults. As in adults, the frequency of circulating effector T-follicular helper cells (TFH) in HIV infected, treatment naïve children correlates with neutralization breadth. However, major differences between children and adults were also observed both in circulation, and in a small number of tonsil samples. In children, TFH cells are significantly more abundant, both in blood and in lymphoid tissue germinal centers, than in adults. Second, HIV-specific TFH cells are more frequent in pediatric than in adult lymphoid tissue and secrete the signature cytokine IL-21, which HIV-infected adults do not. Third, the enrichment of IL-21-secreting HIV-specific TFH in pediatric lymphoid tissue is accompanied by increased TFH regulation via more abundant regulatory follicular T-cells and HIV-specific CXCR5+ CD8 T-cells compared to adults. The relationship between regulation and neutralization breadth is also observed in the pediatric PBMC samples and correlates with neutralization breadth. Matching neutralization data from lymphoid tissue samples is not available. However, the distinction between infected children and adults in the magnitude, quality and regulation of HIV-specific TFH responses is consistent with the superior ability of children to develop high-frequency, potent bnAbs. These findings suggest the possibility that the optimal timing for next generation vaccine strategies designed to induce high-frequency, potent bnAbs to prevent HIV infection in adults would be in childhood

Innate Lymphoid Cell Activation and Sustained Depletion in Blood and Tissue of Children Infected with HIV from Birth Despite Antiretroviral Therapy

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are important for response to infection and for immune development in early life. HIV infection in adults depletes circulating ILCs, but the impact on children infected from birth remains unknown. We study vertically HIV-infected children from birth to adulthood and find severe and persistent depletion of all circulating ILCs that, unlike CD4+ T cells, are not restored by long-term antiretroviral therapy unless initiated at birth. Remaining ILCs upregulate genes associated with cellular activation and metabolic perturbation. Unlike HIV-infected adults, ILCs are also profoundly depleted in tonsils of vertically infected children. Transcriptional profiling of remaining ILCs reveals ongoing cell-type-specific activity despite antiretroviral therapy. Collectively, these data suggest an important and ongoing role for ILCs in lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected children from birth, where persistent depletion and sustained transcriptional activity are likely to have long-term immune consequences that merit further investigation