Praxis política y estrategias de adaptación: una mirada desde la Alianza de Cacaoteros de la Selva

This paper first addresses the concepts of clientelism, paternalism, and simulation theoretically and then observes and analyzes these concepts in the case study of the Alliance of Rainforest Cocoa Producers, a non-profit organization, the members of which are in Maravilla Tenejapa, Chiapas. Based on the specificities of this case study, the paper aims to identify whether clientele, paternalistic, and simulation practices are in fact simple political practices or have become part of adaptation strategies to face a changing public policy.El presente artículo busca hacer en primera instancia una aproximación teórica a los conceptos de clientelismo, paternalismo y simulación para luego observarlos y analizarlos con base en el estudio de caso de la Alianza de Cacaoteros de la Selva Asociación Civil, cuyos agremiados se encuentran en Maravilla Tenejapa, Chiapas. Desde la particularidad de este estudio de caso se pretende identificar si las prácticas clientelares, paternalistas y de simulación son, en efecto, simples prácticas políticas o bien se han convertido en parte de las estrategias de adaptación para hacer frente a una política pública cambiante.Os termos clientelismo, paternalismo e simulação têm sido objecto de debates profundos, embora com magnitudes diferentes, sendo o caso do clientelismo a prática mais estudada e debatida no México, no entanto, as três práticas receberam definições e interpretações diferentes, tendo a infelicidade de estarem associadas a práticas sociopolíticas negativas. Este artigo analisa as práticas clientelistas, paternalistas e de simulação de um estudo de caso com o objectivo de as repensar, para além de uma carga negativa, pensar neles como resultado de certos processos sócio-históricos que são internalizados como estratégias de adaptação face a uma política pública em mudança no quadro do neoliberalismo, e que são enquadradas numa certa cultura política local &nbsp

¿Quién se beneficia de las certificaciones de café orgánico? El caso de los campesinos de La Sepultura, Chiapas

El objetivo de esta investigación es valorar si la participación en programas de certificación orgánica es una herramienta exitosa para sacar de la pobreza a los pequeños productores del sur mediante la mejora de sus medios de vida y la reducción de su vulnerabilidad. Los métodos de investigación consisten en una amplia revisión de la literatura pertinente y en un estudio de caso. Los hallazgos muestran que los productores siguen siendo el eslabón más débil de la cadena de valor, al igual que ocurre con las cadenas comerciales de café convencional y, por lo tanto, no están obteniendo los beneficios esperados

Efeitos agudos da restrição, choque e treinamento no labirinto elevado em T nos sistemas de noradrenalina e serotonina no córtex pré-frontal

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) participates in cognitive functions and stress regulation. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels in some regions of the central nervous system are modified by acute stress. The effects depend on the type of stressor and the time elapsed between the presence of the stressor and the assessment. The aims of the present study were to assess the acute effect of different stressors on NA and 5-HT activities in the PFC and its relation with corticosterone levels. Independent groups of male Wistar rats (250-280 g) were submitted to restraint, footshock or training in the elevated T-maze (ETMT). The animals were sacrificed immediately (T0) or one hour (T1) after stress exposure. An untreated group sacrificed concurrently with treated animals was included as control. Samples of the PFC were dissected and the concentration of NA, 5-HT and their metabolites were measured by HPLC. Corticosterone levels were measured in serum. None of the treatments modified NA levels in the PFC. Animals exposed to footshock or ETMT showed significantly higher concentrations of 5-HT at T0. Restraint and footshock treatments were associated with higher corticosterone levels at T0 and T1 after the respective treatment. Taken together the results show that in the PFC, the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, and the corticosterone levels respond in different ways to different stressors.La corteza prefrontal (CPF) participa en las funciones cognitivas y la regulación del estrés. Las concentraciones de noradrenalina (NA) y serotonina (5-HT) en algunas regiones en el sistema nervioso central son modificadas por el estrés agudo. El efecto depende del estresor y del tiempo que transcurra entre el estresor y la evaluación. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto agudo de diferentes estresores en la actividad de la NA y 5-HT en la CPF y su relación con los niveles de corticosterona. Grupos independientes de ratas (250-270 g) fueron sometidos a restricción, choque o entrenamiento en el laberinto elevado en T (ELET). Los animales fueron sacrificados inmediatamente (T0) o una hora (T1) después de la exposición al estrés. Un grupo no tratado, sacrificado al mismo tiempo que los animales tratados, se incluyó como control. Las muestras de la CPF fueron disecadas y la concentración de NA, 5-HT y sus metabolitos fue detectada por la técnica de HPLC. Las concentraciones de corticosterona fueron medidas en el suero. Ninguno de los tratamientos modificó las concentraciones de NA en la CPF. Al T0 los animales expuestos a choque o al ELET mostraron concentraciones de 5-HT significativamente mayores que el control. Los tratamientos de restricción y choque estuvieron asociados con altas concentraciones de corticosterona al T0 y a T1 después del tratamiento respectivo. En conjunto, los resultados mostraron que en la CPF los sistemas noradrenérgico y serotonérgico y la concentración de corticosterona responden en forma diferente a los distintos estresores.O córtex pré-frontal (CPF) participa nas funções cognitivas e na regulação do estresse. As concentrações de noradrenalina (NA) e serotonina (5-HT) em algumas regiões do sistema nervoso central são modificadas pelo estresse agudo. O efeito depende do estressor e do tempo que transcorra entre o estressor e a avaliação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito agudo de diferentes estressores na atividade da NA e 5-HT no PFC e sua relação com os níveis de corticosterona. Grupos independentes de ratos (250-270 g) foram submetidos a restrição, choque ou treinamento no labirinto elevado em T (ELET). Os animais foram sacrificados imediatamente (T0) ou uma hora (T1) depois da exposição ao estresse. Um grupo não tratado, sacrificado ao mesmo tempo que os animais tratados, incluiu-se como controle. As mostras do PFC foram dissecadas e a concentração de NA, 5-HT e seus metabolitos foi detectada pela técnica de HPLC. As concentrações de corticosterona foram medidas no soro. Nenhum dos tratamentos modificou as concentrações de NA no PFC. Em T0 os animais expostos a choque o ao ELET mostraram concentrações de 5-HT significativamente maiores que o controle. Os tratamentos de restrição e choque estiveram associados com altas concentrações de corticosterona em T0 e em T1 depois do tratamento respectivo. Em conjunto, os resultados mostraram que no PFC os sistemas noradrenérgico e serotonérgico e a concentração de corticosterona respondem de maneira diferente aos diferentes estressores

Campesinos sin resolución agraria: la difícil construcción de la gobernanza ambiental en un área natural protegida de Chiapas, México

Throughout the years, protected natural areas have been gaining increasing importance as a tool through which international organizations can preserve ecosystems. However, some of these protected areas are often established in previously inhabited territories. This study addresses the implications of the decree creating the Biosphere Reserve La Sepultura, above of Los Laureles. Using a diachronic qualitative methodology applied to a case study and life histories, it was found that the area’s lag in agricultural development together with the preservation decree led the agricultural and environmental authorities to classify this location as an irregular settlement. For this reason, government programs were cancelled and conflicts emerged between inhabitants. These factors had a determining influence on the agricultural, social and economic-productive dynamics since they pushed the population towards marginalization and exclusion. These groups, in their struggle to remain in their territory act above all in agreement with the environmental governance issuing from the decree defining their territory as a Protected Natural Area.Las áreas naturales protegidas como instrumentos de conservación de los ecosistemas han ido cobrando mayor importancia ante los organismos internacionales; sin embargo, varias de estas zonas de protección son frecuentemente establecidas sobre territorios ya habitados. Este artículo aborda las implicaciones del decreto de la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura sobre la localidad de Los Laureles. Mediante la metodología cualitativa diacrónica en un estudio de caso y de historias de vida se encontró que el rezago agrario, aunado al decreto de conservación, provocó que dicho poblado fuera catalogado por las autoridades agrarias y ambientales como asentamiento irregular, situación que ocasionó la cancelación de programas gubernamentales y el surgimiento de conflictos entre sus pobladores; estos factores determinaron las dinámicas agraria, social y económico-productiva al propiciar procesos de marginación y exclusión entre los pobladores de la localidad, cuya lucha por permanecer en el territorio involucra sobre todo atender la gobernanza ambiental que emanó del decreto del área natural protegida

Campesinos sin resolución agraria: la difícil construcción de la gobernanza ambiental en un área natural protegida de Chiapas, México

Las áreas naturales protegidas como instrumentos de conservación de los ecosistemas han ido cobrando mayor importancia ante los organismos internacionales; sin embargo, varias de estas zonas de protección son frecuentemente establecidas sobre territorios ya habitados. Este artículo aborda las implicaciones del decreto de la Reserva de la Biosfera La Sepultura sobre la localidad de Los Laureles. Mediante la metodología cualitativa diacrónica en un estudio de caso y de historias de vida se encontró que el rezago agrario, aunado al decreto de conservación, provocó que dicho poblado fuera catalogado por las autoridades agrarias y ambientales como asentamiento irregular, situación que ocasionó la cancelación de programas gubernamentales y el surgimiento de conflictos entre sus pobladores; estos factores determinaron las dinámicas agraria, social y económico-productiva al propiciar procesos de marginación y exclusión entre los pobladores de la localidad, cuya lucha por permanecer en el territorio involucra sobre todo atender la gobernanza ambiental que emanó del decreto del área natural protegida

NIVEL DE CULTURA AMBIENTAL DE LOS ESTUDIANTES DE LA UNIVERSIDAD SEÑOR DE SIPÁN

La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el nivel de cultura ambiental en los estudiantes de la universidad Señor de Sipán. La metodología del presente trabajo fue descriptiva, se utilizó la técnica de la encuesta de 7 preguntas a nivel actitudinal, procedimental y cognitiva, aplicadas en forma aleatoria a los estudiantes de los tres primeros ciclos académicos de los diferentes Programas Académicos de la USS.  Los resultados permiten concluir que los estudiantes presentan bajo nivel de cultura ambiental, carecen de conocimientos, habilidades y valores ambientales; el reto es procurar la mejorar en lo relacionado a la cultura ambiental, a partir de una buena educación universitaria

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Evidence of spatial clustering of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases in Greater Mexico City: report from the Mexican Inter-Institutional Group for the identification of the causes of childhood leukemia

BackgroundA heterogeneous geographic distribution of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases has been described, possibly, related to the presence of different environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to explore the geographical distribution of childhood ALL cases in Greater Mexico City (GMC).MethodsA population-based case-control study was conducted. Children &lt;18 years old, newly diagnosed with ALL and residents of GMC were included. Controls were patients without leukemia recruited from second-level public hospitals, frequency-matched by sex, age, and health institution with the cases. The residence address where the patients lived during the last year before diagnosis (cases) or the interview (controls) was used for geolocation. Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistic was used to detect spatial clusters (SCs). Relative risks (RR), associated p-value and number of cases included for each cluster were obtained.ResultsA total of 1054 cases with ALL were analyzed. Of these, 408 (38.7%) were distributed across eight SCs detected. A relative risk of 1.61 (p&lt;0.0001) was observed for the main cluster. Similar results were noted for the remaining seven ones. Additionally, a proximity between SCs, electrical installations and petrochemical facilities was observed.ConclusionsThe identification of SCs in certain regions of GMC suggest the possible role of environmental factors in the etiology of childhood ALL