The Intensifiers this/that in Some Varieties of English

The intensifiers this/that acquired their adverbial status as a result of a grammaticalization process by means of which the deictic demonstratives became degree adverbs with the meaning of ‘to this/that extent, so much, so’ (OED s.v. this/that adv). The intensifier use of that has been traced back to the second half of the 14th century, originally associated with expressions of quantity like as much as that, as far as that, as long as that and eventually developing into proper degree words like that much, that far and that long, respectively. The use of this, on the other hand, developed in the second half of the 15th century. The phenomenon disseminated in the early 19th century as a typical resource of spoken English and since then, these intensifiers have found their room in the written domain imposing a scalar construal on adjectives for which scale is not the default construal. These intensifiers have been hitherto ignored in the literature, perhaps as a result of an erroneous accusation of informality, and consequently so has been traditionally recommended in these contexts. Despite the intensifiers this/that are observed in practically all the varieties of English worldwide, it has a variable distribution. The present study, therefore, contributes to the study of the development of these intensifiers in some varieties of English worldwide with the following objectives: a) to analyse their use and compare their distribution in different varieties of English; and b) to cast light on the lexico-semantic structure of the right-hand collocates. The evidence comes from the New Zealand, Indian, Singaporean and Philippines components of the Corpus of Global Web- based English. This corpus contains 1.9 billion words from 340,000 websites in 20 different English-speaking countries using a random selection of web pages and blogs, thus becoming the appropriate input for the study of the phenomenon in the varieties of English worldwide.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

THE OPEN AIR MUSEUM OF SCULTURE IN HECHO (HUESCA): OUTPUT O F A HIPPIE UTOPIA OF CONVIVIALITY (1975 - 1984)

Este artículo pasa revista, desde un punto de vista político y museológico, a la historia del museo al aire libre que existe en Hecho (Huesca), como resultado de los symposia internacionales organizados en esta población de 1975 a 1984. Tanto su colección internacional como el modo en que está dispuesta, son el resultado de decisiones colectivas, tomadas por los propios artistas.This papers reviews, from a political an museological perspective, the history of the open air museum existing in Hecho (Huesca) as a result of the international symposia organized in this town from 1975 to 1984. Both its international collection and the way it is displayed, are the result of collective decisions, taken by the artists themselves

La Constitución Española de 1812 en Goya

We present the allegory of the Spanish Constitution engraved in 1812, and subsequently imitated by Goya in his portrait of king Fernando VII, painted in 1814 for the Town Hall of Santander. We explain the engraving of the Colossus, which seems to represent the position of the Moon on the constellation of Orion in the west on the evenings of March 19, 1812 and 1820. Thus this engraving becomes another allegory of the Spanish Constitution of 1812.Presentamos la alegoría de la Constitución Española grabada en 1812 que va a ser imitada por Goya en el retrato de Fernando VII realizado en 1814 para el Ayuntamiento de Santander. Se explica el grabado del Coloso que parece representar la situación de la Luna sobre la constelación de Orión en el ocaso de los días 19 de marzo de 1812 y de 1820, con lo que este grabado pasa a ser otra alegoría de la Constitución Española de 1812

On the rise and diffusion of new intensifiers: this/that in some asian varieties of english

Estudio léxico-semántico de los intensificadores this y that como modificadores de adjetivos y adverbios en cuatro variedades del inglés asiático. El estudio cuantitativo confirma, por un lado, la influencia del inglés americano en la difusión del fenómeno en estas variedades a la vista de la escasa repercusión del mismo en inglés británico. En las variedades estudiadas, Singapur y Filipinas lideran el uso de este modelo de intensificación, que contrasta con la actitud conservadora de India y Hong Kong, lo que se justifica a tenor del origen americano del inglés de Filipinas y de la propia evolución del inglés de Singapur que, a diferencia de las otras, se encuentra en la fase de diferenciación de acuerdo con el modelo de Schneider (2007). El estudio cualitativo, por otro lado, confirma un distinto nivel de gramaticalización de this y that como resultado del mayor repertorio de colocados de that al aceptar, a diferencia de this, adverbios de lugar, tiempo, cantidad, frecuencia y modo. El análisis de los adjetivos, por su parte, constata el incipiente proceso de gramaticalización de estos intensificadores en estas variedades, dado que this/that aparecen exclusivamente en compañía de adjetivos graduables, sin mostrar síntomas de evolución, como en el inglés americano, hacia un modelo conceptual menos restrictivo con la adopción de adjetivos de distinta naturaleza semántica (adjetivos perfectivos y elativos) o adjetivos no graduables.Proyecto de investigación nacional titulado “Cambio lingüístico, variación morfosintáctica y compilación de recursos para el estudio del inglés moderno tardío”, con referencia PID2021-126496NB-I00 (2021-2024)

The pedagogical importance of evacuation drills in schools as a means of increasing the preventive culture in Spain

[ENG] Education centres in general represent one of the places in which safety becomes something totally essential, due to the special vulnerability of children. The normal day-to-day practice of a school, supposes a series of risks and therefore it is important for the Educational Community to work actively to ensure that the school environment is as safe as possible. Of all the possible risks, fire is perhaps one of the most feared by society, and it is also that which is most likely to occur. The Educational Community in general, should be aware that the spreading of a correct preventive culture, has as its starting point the “Educational Centre” (Lewis, 2009), and it is of vital importance that this prevention culture, reaches all the pupils and teachers in order to be able to increase the level of prevention in schools and to achieve important progress in this matter at a social level. The schools must be prepared to react correctly when faced with any emergency situation that may arise and thus, if it is important to carry out annual evacuation drills, it is even more determinant that the pupils receive adequate prevention training

Morphology Dependent Distributed Controller for Locomotion in Modular Robots

Stigmergy is defined as a mechanism of coordination through indirect communication among agents, which can be commonly observed in social insects such as ants. In this work we investigate the emergence of coordination for locomotion in modular robots through indirect communication among modules. We demonstrate how intra-configuration forces that exist between physically connected modules can be used for self-organization in modular robots, and how the emerging global behavior is a result of the morphology of the robotic configuration

Classification of unitary highest weight representations for non compact real forms

Using Jakobsen theorems, unitarizability in Hermitian Symmetric Spaces is discussed. The set of all missing highest weights is explicitly calculated and the construction of their corresponding highest weights vectors is studied.Comment: PDF, 35 pages (late submission

El Quartier de la Création en l’Île de Nantes ¿Antítesis del modelo Guggenheim Bilbao?

Este artículo analiza el distrito creativo en la Isla de Nantes, donde se pueden encontrar todos los componentes clásicos de un barrio artístico, salvo un gran equipamiento museístico. Se suele considerar por ello como una antítesis del modelo seguido en Bilbao, aunque hay muchas interinfluencias, y quizá más parecidos que diferencias

El efecto Guggenheim, en su 25 aniversario

Dossier introductionIntroducción al dossie

Procesos artísticos participativos y colaborativos en los distritos culturales de Burdeos y Nantes

This paper analyses the burgeoning impulse, in the main cultural districts of Bordeaux and Nantes, of participative and collaborative art practices. Such adjectives are not synonymous but, true enough, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate these two categories of relational art; moreover, co-working spaces could literally be considered another kind of collaboration process. All in all, beyond terminology matters, the aim of this essay is to point out the flourishing of combined official and community-based initiatives. A model of arts-led urban revitalisation seeking greater involvement of the local ecosystem shaping a “cultural district”, as alternative to the paradigm of the singular institutional trigger worldly identified with the Guggenheim-Bilbao. Nowadays there are many counter-examples in Bilbao and in French cities on the Bay of Biscay. Este artículo analiza el prolífico impulso en los principales distritos culturales de Burdeos y Nantes del arte participativo y colaborativo. Tales adjetivos no son sinónimos, pero es cierto que a veces es difícil diferenciar estas dos categorías de arte relacional; por otro lado, los espacios de co-working podrían ser designados, al pie de la letra, como otro tipo de proceso de co-laboración. Con todo, más allá de la terminología, lo que pretende esta reflexión es constatar el florecimiento de iniciativas oficiales y de base comunitaria combinadas. Un modelo de revitalización urbana a través de las artes con mayor involucración del ecosistema local formando un “distrito cultural”, como alternativa frente al paradigma del singular detonante institucional mundialmente identificado con el Guggenheim-Bilbao. Hoy día no faltan los contraejemplos bilbaínos y en ciudades francesas del golfo de Vizcaya