Too different to be equal: Lack of public respect is associated with reduced self‐respect for stigmatized individuals

Individuals with physical and mental disabilities can be stigmatized and perceived in terms of their disabilities in the public domain. This is less pervasive in the private domain, because of the presence of individuating information. We argue that disabilities decrease individuals’ everyday opportunities to receive basic equality-based respect experiences in the public domain and thus makes it difficult for them to develop a high and secure level of self-respect (i.e., seeing the self as someone who possesses the same rights as others). These hypotheses were tested in a cross-sectional study in Norway with 173 participants (51 males, 117 females, two trans men, and three non-binary persons; Mage = 28.00; SD = 10.33, age range: 19–77 years), of which 60 participants reported having mental or physical disabilities. In line with our hypotheses, we found higher levels of self-respect for individuals without mental or physical disabilities compared to individuals with mental or physical disabilities. In addition, results showed that respect experiences differed depending on the domain. Whereas individuals with and without disabilities did not significantly differ in the respect experiences they reported in the private domain, they did significantly differ in the respect experiences they reported in the public domain. In addition, respect experiences in the public domain mediated the relationship between disability and self-respect. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of the importance of developing high and secure levels of self-respect and in terms of how respect experiences in the public domain can be ensured for everyone

2D to 3D crossover of the magnetic properties in ordered arrays of iron oxide nanocrystals

The magnetic 2D to 3D crossover behavior of well-ordered arrays of monodomain gamma-Fe2O3 spherical nanoparticles with different thicknesses has been investigated by magnetometry and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Using the structural information of the arrays obtained from grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscopy together with the experimentally determined values for the saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy of the nanoparticles, we show that MC simulations can reproduce the thickness-dependent magnetic behavior. The magnetic dipolar particle interactions induce a ferromagnetic coupling that increases in strength with decreasing thickness of the array. The 2D to 3D transition in the magnetic properties is mainly driven by a change in the orientation of the magnetic vortex states with increasing thickness, becoming more isotropic as the thickness of the array increases. Magnetic anisotropy prevents long-range ferromagnetic order from being established at low temperature and the nanoparticle magnetic moments instead freeze along directions defined by the distribution of easy magnetization directions

Long range order in 3D nanoparticle assemblies

Magnetic nanoparticles and their assembly in highly correlated structures are of great interest for future applications as e.g. spin-based data storage. These systems are not only distinguished by the obvious miniaturization but by the novel physical properties emerging due to their limited size and ordered arrangement, as well. The superstructures are formed from nanometer sized building blocks, ordered like atoms in a crystal, which renders them a newclass of materials. To gain a profound understanding of these systems it is necessary to perform experiments on all length scales. The present work supplies an extensive and novel contribution to the investigation of the structural properties and the self-assembly of iron oxide nanoparticle superstructures. The unique combination of microscopy and scattering techniques allows a new understanding of the structural features of three dimensional structures that develop from the self-organization of these particles. In this thesis, magnetic nanoparticles have been deposited for this purpose using a self organization method to form long range ordered structures, so called mesocrystals. The processof self-assembling has been investigated for the influence of different deposition parameters and these parameters have been optimized. An in-situ study using grazing incidence x-ray scattering during the growth of the mesocrystals allowed the identification of different stages of the mesocrystal growth and its spatial position. From the combination of these different experiments it was possible to establish a model for the growth process governed by a shape and size selective arrangement of the particles. Another highlight of this work is the measurement on a single mesocrystal, which had only a volume of 2.5 $\mu$m$^{3}$, leading to a challenging diffraction experiment. It was possible to extract structural quality parameters from this investigation, as e.g. the mosaicity, which would normally be masked by the distribution of the orientation and lattice parameters generally present in the normal samples that contain a large number of mesocrystals. A detailed analysis of the scattering patterns of different samples with mesocrystal ensembles yielded a refined structure model, which allowed the quantitative analysis of the data collected as well for in-situ created as for already deposited samples. In addition, a new rounded cubes form factor was developed for the modeling of small angle x-ray scattering and the single mesocrystal diffraction data. In conclusion, this work shows the large correlation in these nanoparticle superstructures, the distribution of different structural parameters that can be present in the samples and how much information can be extracted from the scattering patterns