The six ages of the world and biblical genealogy in Anglo-Saxon encyclopaedic notes

Open Access funding provided by the IReL Consortium.In the early medieval period, history was commonly organised into six epochs lasting roughly one thousand years each, according to certain calculations of the world’s age. The idea of the six ages emerged from and was consolidated by allegorical interpretations of the Hexameron in which the material endurance of the world was thought to mirror the initial length of its Creation. This historical schematisation enjoyed widespread currency in Anglo-Saxon England, even after Bede had proved that the world was not, in fact, approaching 6,000 years. This article analyses how the topos of the six ages is used and adapted within a hitherto understudied group of related encyclopaedic notes in three Anglo-Saxon manuscripts. How these texts relate to and differ from the wider corpus of encyclopaedic texts on this subject is also charted. The following study investigates the ways in which encyclopaedic texts on the six ages were adapted, expanded and transmitted, and the religious and political motivations driving such changes. This article offers the first in-depth analysis of this particular group of texts, foregrounding the sophistication of micro-texts that explain the six ages. Overall, this study emphasises the pedagogical, theological and historiographical applications of this concept in early medieval English thought.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Evolution of duplicated pathways and networks in polyploid cotton

Polyploidy is an evolutionary phenomenon resulting in the duplication of the whole genome. The merger of two diverged genomes, in the case of allopolyploidy, had multiple effects on the evolution of genes, gene expression, and the structure of the newly doubled genome. Gene pathways and gene co-expression networks are also duplicated as a whole and must be reconciled in the nascent polyploid. A considerable body of work addresses how pathways and gene co-expression networks evolve in diploids. Here I extend this approach to address how duplicated pathways and networks evolve in polyploids. The effects of polyploidy on gene pathways and gene co-expression network duplication are investigated in the natural cotton allopolyploids Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense. I used targeted sequence capture to look at evolutionary rates in the genes of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway across in over 40 different polyploid accessions. The evolutionary rates of these genes do not correlate with position or branching as would be expected. I further investigated the expression of the genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and of the whole genome, by generating RNA-seq libraries across several tissues in the polyploid cotton species and their diploid progenitors. Evolutionary rates were correlated with expression levels, module assignment, and connectivity. More generally, the gene co-expression network as a whole generally is preserved between diploids and polyploids, but certain modules exhibit specific homoeolog biases and non-additive expression. I also studied expression in fibers from wild and domesticated G. hirsutum, adding a layer of complexity, in the form of the strong selective pressure of domestication, to the gene coexpression analyses. While I still find general preservation of the gene co-expression network, some modules show extreme homoeolog bias in the fiber as well. Comparisons between the wild and domesticated fiber co-expression networks show that there are drastic alterations in topology of the network due to strong, human-mediated selection. In addition, gene co-expression relationships have been strongly rewired as a consequence of the process of domestication

Quantitative analysis and measurements of Fron 22

Issued as Final technical report, Project no. A-371

An annotated translation of chapter 7 of the Carakasamhita Citiksasthana : leprosy and other skin disorders

textThe Carakasaṃhitā is an early Sanskrit text in the field of āyurvedic medicine. The Cikitsāsthāna is a section of that text dealing with treatments of various maladies, and Chapter 7 of this section discusses skin diseases. Most of the chapter describes symptoms and treatments for a disease which is called kuṣṭha in Sanskrit, and a smaller section is concerned with the diseases of kilaśa and śvitra. An attempt will be made, through the translation and interpretation of the chapter’s 180 verses (ślokas) and their commentaries, to provide definitions of these terms, and to explore their relationship to the disease of leprosy. A discussion of different conceptualizations of leprosy in various cultures and time-periods will also be presented.Asian Studie

Comparison of Training Models for Hearing Screening Personnel

Early identification of permanent hearing loss begins with the competency of the individuals completing a hearing screening in being able to identify children who are at-risk for hearing loss. The appropriate management of hearing healthcare for children, during the developmental period from birth to school age, requires these individuals to possess knowledge related to screenings, protocols, and follow-up, for children in need of additional diagnostic services. The Early Childhood Hearing Outreach (ECHO) Initiative was formulated by the National Center for Hearing Assessment and Management (NCHAM) as an extension to newborn hearing screening programs. The program focuses on assisting hearing screeners and healthcare providers who serve children birth to three years of age. In 2014, the Illinois State University ECHO Team began contracted services for the Illinois ECHO program. Its focus was to establish and provide an effective training model for otoacoustic emission hearing screenings using course curriculum supported by the ECHO Initiative. The current study assessed the validity of the ECHO Initiative curriculum. It further sought to compare didactic-based and practicum-based training models to determine if any significant differences in degree of knowledge acquisition or retention could be observed. While the curricular content of the ECHO program demonstrated a significant effect on knowledge acquisition, minimal differences between training models were identified. The data collected between training models helped to highlight functional implications for effective grant sponsorship. Relocation of service in conjunction with alternative delivery methods, as well as a review of Illinois mandated reporting forms, were discussed as a much-needed consideration for the future of the ECHO program within the state of Illinois

Leadership, Inside and Out

This article explores leadership, inside and out: a new approach to equip aspiring leaders with the tools to lead creatively, inclusively, and effectively. Leadership, inside and out, transforms emerging leaders into the leaders of the future, positioning them to indelibly impact their own organizations and the state of Maine

Perinatal aspects on the covid-19 pandemic: a practical resource for perinatal-neonatal specialists.

BackgroundLittle is known about the perinatal aspects of COVID-19.ObjectiveTo summarize available evidence and provide perinatologists/neonatologists with tools for managing their patients.MethodsAnalysis of available literature on COVID-19 using Medline and Google scholar.ResultsFrom scant data: vertical transmission from maternal infection during the third trimester probably does not occur or likely it occurs very rarely. Consequences of COVID-19 infection among women during early pregnancy remain unknown. We cannot conclude if pregnancy is a risk factor for more severe disease in women with COVID-19. Little is known about disease severity in neonates, and from very few samples, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 has not been documented in human milk. Links to websites of organizations with updated COVID-19 information are provided. Infographics summarize an approach to the pregnant woman or neonate with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.ConclusionsAs the pandemic continues, more data will be available that could lead to changes in current knowledge and recommendations