Palauan Orthography

The Palauan Orthography Committee met at Palau High School, Koror, Palau, from July 24 to August 2, 1972, to decide on standard rules for Palauan spelling. Members of the Palau community who participated on the Committee were Father Felix Yaoch, Francisco Morel, Huan Polloi, Timarong Siaior, Rengulbai Ngeburch, Santos Ngodrii, Hermana Remarui, Hubert Elechuus, Masa-Aki Emesiochl, Masaharu Tmodrang, and Sadang Nglraecherang. Professor Lewis Josephs and Dr. Helen Wilson, of the University of Hawaii Department of Linguistics and Pacific and Asian Linguistics Institute, served as consultants. The results of the Orthography Committee's deliberations are summarized below. First, the spelling of Palauan consonants and vowels is discussed, and then various rules pertaining to the spelling of individual Palauan words are presented

Patient perceptions of physician empathy, satisfaction with physician, interpersonal trust, and compliance

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate psychometric properties of the Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE), and to examine correlations between its scores and measures of overall satisfaction with physicians, personal trust, and indicators of patient compliance. Methods: Research participants included 535 out-patients (between 18-75 years old, 66% female). A survey was mailed to participants which included the JSPPPE (5-item), a scale for measuring overall satisfaction with the primary care physician (10-item), and demographic questions. Patients were also asked about compliance with their physician\u27s recommendation for preventive tests (colonoscopy, mammogram, and PSA for age and gender appropriate patients). Results: Factor analysis of the JSPPPE resulted in one prominent component. Corrected item-total score correlations ranged from .88 to .94. Correlation between scores of the JSPPPE and scores on the patient satisfaction scale was 0.93. Scores of the JSPPPE were highly correlated with measures of physician-patient trust (r \u3e.73). Higher scores of the JSPPPE were significantly associated with physicians\u27 recommendations for preventive tests (colonoscopy, mammogram, and PSA) and with compliance rates which were \u3e .80). Cronbach\u27s coefficient alpha for the JSPPPE ranged from .97 to .99 for the total sample and for patients in different gender and age groups. Conclusions: Empirical evidence supported the psychometrics of the JSPPPE, and confirmed significant links with patients\u27 satisfaction with their physicians, interpersonal trust, and compliance with physicians\u27 recommendations. Availability of this psychometrically sound instrument will facilitate empirical research on empathy in patient care in different countries

Modulation of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in Human Cytomegalovirus Infection: The Role of Endogenous Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex and a Viral Class I Homolog

Natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated in early immune responses against certain viruses, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). CMV causes downregulation of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression in infected cells; however, it has been proposed that a class I MHC homolog encoded by CMV, UL18, may act as a surrogate ligand to prevent NK cell lysis of CMV-infected cells. In this study, we examined the role of UL18 in NK cell recognition and lysis using fibroblasts infected with either wild-type or UL18 knockout CMV virus, and by using cell lines transfected with the UL18 gene. In both systems, the expression of UL18 resulted in the enhanced killing of target cells. We also show that the enhanced killing is due to both UL18-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and that the killer cell inhibitory receptors (KIRs) and CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptors for MHC class I do not play a role in affecting susceptibility of CMV-infected fibroblasts to NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity

Kombucha Bacteria Growth Rate At Different Temperatures

Many commercially available kombucha products instruct to keep the bottle refrigerated. Kombucha contains probiotic bacteria. Bacteria are known to proliferate at different temperatures. Thus, we hypothesized that the warmer the temperature of kombucha storage the more bacteria growth there would be. Kombucha was stored at different temperatures and bacteria growth was recorded. Three bottles of kombucha were used in the experiment and each was put into their respective temperature zones. The first bottle, the control, was stored in a refrigerated area at 4°C, since kombucha is recommended to be stored in cold temperatures for safe consumption. The second bottle was placed at room temperature, approximately 21°C, a slightly warmer temperature. The last bottle was placed in an incubator at 37°C. After leaving the bottles in their respective temperatures for 24 hours, a series of serial dilutions was performed on the kombucha. The reason for dilutions was to be able to count the bacteria. The results for the refrigerated plate had an average (colony forming unites) CFU/mL of 9,153,333, the room temperature plate had 8,273,333 CFU/mL and the incubated plate had a CFU/mL average of 48,113,333. These numbers reflect that if kombucha is kept refrigerated or at room temperature then the bacteria amount will be at around the same, but if the kombucha is kept at a warm temperature then the bacteria amount will be greatly increased. With this in mind it is recommended that kombucha be stored refrigerated or room temperature to ensure the bacteria levels stay low

Bostonia: The Boston University Alumni Magazine. Volume 33

Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston University's main alumni publication, which covers alumni and student life, as well as university activities, events, and programs

Response to Comment on “Using Nested Average Electricity Allocation Protocols …”

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134265/1/jiec12476.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134265/2/jiec12476_am.pd

Mechanism of Lysine 48 Selectivity during Polyubiquitin Chain Formation by the Ube2R1/2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme

Lysine selectivity is of critical importance during polyubiquitin chain formation because the identity of the lysine controls the biological outcome. Ubiquitins are covalently linked in polyubiquitin chains through one of seven lysine residues on its surface and the C terminus of adjacent protomers. Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chains signal for protein degradation; however, the structural basis for Lys 48 selectivity remains largely unknown. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2R1/2 has exquisite specificity for Lys 48, and computational docking of Ube2R1/2 and ubiquitin predicts that Lys 48 is guided to the active site through a key electrostatic interaction between Arg 54 on ubiquitin and Asp 143 on Ube2R1/2. The validity of this interaction was confirmed through biochemical experiments. Since structural examples involving Arg 54 in protein-ubiquitin complexes are exceedingly rare, these results provide additional insight into how ubiquitin-protein complexes can be stabilized. We discuss how these findings relate to how other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes direct the lysine specificity of polyubiquitin chains

Mechanism of Lysine 48 Selectivity during Polyubiquitin Chain Formation by the Ube2R1/2 Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme

Lysine selectivity is of critical importance during polyubiquitin chain formation because the identity of the lysine controls the biological outcome. Ubiquitins are covalently linked in polyubiquitin chains through one of seven lysine residues on its surface and the C terminus of adjacent protomers. Lys 48-linked polyubiquitin chains signal for protein degradation; however, the structural basis for Lys 48 selectivity remains largely unknown. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ube2R1/2 has exquisite specificity for Lys 48, and computational docking of Ube2R1/2 and ubiquitin predicts that Lys 48 is guided to the active site through a key electrostatic interaction between Arg 54 on ubiquitin and Asp 143 on Ube2R1/2. The validity of this interaction was confirmed through biochemical experiments. Since structural examples involving Arg 54 in protein-ubiquitin complexes are exceedingly rare, these results provide additional insight into how ubiquitin-protein complexes can be stabilized. We discuss how these findings relate to how other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes direct the lysine specificity of polyubiquitin chains