Enrichment of C20-22 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Refined Liver Oil of Leafscale Gulper Shark, Centrophorus squamosus

The C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20-22 PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), were concentrated from the refined liver oil of deep sea leafscale gulper shark, Centrophorus squamosus, by sequential processes of winterization, urea complexation, and argentation chromatography. Winterization at 4°C using acetonitrile as solvent showed significant reduction of the total saturated fatty acid content (12%) with a concomitant increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (36.3%). The urea complexation process significantly enriched the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (49.5%), with a reduction in saturated fatty acids (83.9%). Silica gel based argentation chromatography further concentrated the esters of C20-22 PUFA (>99 percent purity). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was used as a chemical fingerprinting tool to study the enrichment of C20-22 PUFAs at various stages of the purification process. An increase in the proton signal intensity at the olefinic region (at δ 4–6) and a decrease in the aliphatic signals (at δ 0.5–2) showed that the process successfully enriched the C20-22 PUFAs

Long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched oil emulsion from sardine oil

Dietary fats are used to build every cell in the body and cell membranes are made of a variety of individual fatty acids which are carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains (usually C12-22). The essential fatty acids from marine fish have protective mechanisms against coronary heart disease, which became apparent in the investigations of the health status of Greenland Eskimos who consumed diets very high in fat from seals,whales, fish etc, and yet had a low rate of coronary heart disease

Production and Biotechnological Application of Extracellular Alkalophilic Lipase from Marine Macroalga-Associated Shewanella algae to Produce Enriched C20-22 n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrate

An extracellular alkalophilic lipase was partially purified from heterotrophic Shewanella algae (KX 272637) associated with marine macroalgae Padina gymnospora. The enzyme possessed a molecular mass of 20 kD, and was purified 60-fold with a specific activity of 36.33 U/mg. The enzyme exhibited Vmax and Km of 1000 mM/mg/min and 157 mM, respectively, with an optimum activity at 55 °C and pH 10.0. The catalytic activity of the enzyme was improved by Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, and the enzyme showed a good tolerance towards organic solvents, such as methanol, isopropanol, and ethanol. The purified lipase hydrolyzed the refined liver oil from leafscale gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus, yielding a total C20-22 n-3 PUFA concentration of 34.99% with EPA + DHA accounting the major share (34% TFA), after 3 h of hydrolysis. This study recognized the industrial applicability of the thermostable and alkalophilic lipase from marine macroalga-associated bacterium Shewanella algae to produce enriched C20-22 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate

Preparation and Physicochemical Attributes of Refined Liver Oil from Deep‐Sea Dogfish

The liver oil of deep‐sea dogfish, Centrophorus squamosus, was extracted by different physical methods and refined by sequential processes of degumming, neutralization, decolorization, and deodorization. Phosphoric acid effectively eliminated the mucilaginous substances in crude oil to result in triglycerides with permissible contents of peroxides, unesterified fatty acids, volatile compounds, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, and total oxidation values. A synergistic combination of activated charcoal and Fuller's earth could effectively bleach the crude deep‐sea dogfish liver oil (CDLO) for greater clarity and acceptable color characteristics. The adverse odors in the crude oil were eliminated by acetic acid treatment and vacuum deodorization. This study shows that the multistep refining process of CDLO significantly enhances the composition of C20–22 n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with the removal of the components responsible for the undesirable physicochemical characteristics

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Not AvailableThe C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20-22 PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), were concentrated from the refined liver oil of deep sea leafscale gulper shark, Centrophorus squamosus, by sequential processes of winterization, urea complexation, and argentation chromatography. Winterization at 4°C using acetonitrile as solvent showed significant reduction of the total saturated fatty acid content (12%) with a concomitant increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (36.3%). The urea complexation process significantly enriched the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (49.5%), with a reduction in saturated fatty acids (83.9%). Silica gel based argentation chromatography further concentrated the esters of C20-22 PUFA (>99 percent purity). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was used as a chemical fingerprinting tool to study the enrichment of C20-22 PUFAs at various stages of the purification process. An increase in the proton signal intensity at the olefinic region (at δ 4–6) and a decrease in the aliphatic signals (at δ 0.5–2) showed that the process successfully enriched the C20-22 PUFAs.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableEthyl acetate extracts of seaweeds were chromatographically fractionated to yield 14-methyl pentyl tetrahydro- 8-hydroxy-10-methylnaphthalene–8-carboxylate (1) and tetrahydro-4-isopropyl-9-(9, 14-dimethyldec-9-enyl)- pyran-1-one (2) from Sargassum ilicifolium, whereas Padina gymnospora afforded dihydro-2-(10-(hydroxymethyl)- 7,15-dimethyl-9-oxoundec-11-enyl)-2-methyl-2H-pyran-1(4H)-one (3) and 1-(decahydro-1-hydroxy-7-methyl-8- vinylnaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone (4) as major constituents. Compound 1 displayed significantly higher antioxidant activity (IC50 1 mg/mL). The C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acid (C20-22 PUFA) concentrate (CFA) prepared from the deep-sea dogfish liver oil was added with the studied compounds and physiochemical properties and fatty acid composition during an accelerated storage were evaluated. No significant reduction in C20-22 PUFAs (∼6%) in the CFA treated with 1 as compared to that with the control (∼35%) was recorded. A greater induction time was observed for the CFA supplemented with 1 (6.8 h) than other compounds (≤6 h) and control (∼1.6 h), maintaining the oxidation indices of the CFA within desirable limits.Not Availabl

Concentration and stabilization of C20–22 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid esters from the oil of Sardinella longiceps

Methyl esters of C20–22 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from sardine oil triglycerides were concentrated to 86% purity with greater than 30% recovery by argentated chromatography. The synergistic effect of ethyl acetate fractions of seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii, Hypnea musciformis and Jania rubens used in 0.1:0.2:0.2 (%, w/w) ratio in arresting oxidative degradation of the n-3 PUFA methyl ester concentrate was demonstrated during accelerated storage. The induction time (6.8 h) and antioxidant activity indices (>24) were greater for n-3 PUFA concentrates supplemented with seaweed extracts than antioxidants BHT and a-tocopherol (<5 h and <17, respectively). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was employed to study the oxidative changes of fatty acid signals of PUFA concentrate during accelerated storage. Potential of seaweeds to improve the storage stability of C20–22 n-3 fatty acid methyl esters was studied. This study has applications in development of food and pharmaceutical products

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Not AvailableCrude liver oil of leafscale gulper shark, Centrophorus squamosus was clarified by sequential degumming, decolorization and vacuum deodorization. The refined oil was added with ethyl acetate extract of seaweeds and various physiochemical parameters were evaluated in a time-reliant accelerated storage study. Significantly greater induction time was observed for the oil supplemented with Sargassum wightii and Sargassum ilicifolium (> 4.5 h) than other seaweed extracts and control oil (~1 h). Among different seaweeds, the ethylacetate extracts of S. wightii maintained the oxidation indices of the refined oil below the marginal limits after the study period. No significant reduction in C20–22 long chain fatty acids (1.19%) in the refined oil added with S. wightii was apparent, and was comparable with the synthetic antioxidants (1.07–1.08%). Spectroscopic fingerprint analysis of marker compounds responsible to cause rancidity signified the efficacy of S. wightii to arrest the development of undesirable oxidation products in the refined oil during storage. The antioxidant compounds, 15-(but-19-enyl)-hexahydro-13,16-dimethyl-11-oxo-1H-isochromen-8-yl benzoate (1) and 10-(but-13-en-12-yl)- 5-((furan-3-yl)propyl)-dihydrofuran-9(3H)-one (2) isolated from S. wightii appeared to play a major role to deter the oxidative degradation of refined oil thereby enhancing the storage stability.Not Availabl

Effects of antioxidative substances from seaweed on quality of refined liver oil of leafscale gulper shark, Centrophorus squamosus during an accelerated stability study

Crude liver oil of leafscale gulper shark, Centrophorus squamosus was clarified by sequential degumming, decolorization and vacuum deodorization. The refined oil was added with ethyl acetate extract of seaweeds and various physiochemical parameters were evaluated in a time-reliant accelerated storage study. Significantly greater induction time was observed for the oil supplemented with Sargassum wightii and Sargassum ilicifolium (> 4.5 h) than other seaweed extracts and control oil (~1 h). Among different seaweeds, the ethylacetate extracts of S. wightii maintained the oxidation indices of the refined oil below the marginal limits after the study period. No significant reduction in C20–22 long chain fatty acids (1.19%) in the refined oil added with S. wightii was apparent, and was comparable with the synthetic antioxidants (1.07–1.08%). Spectroscopic fingerprint analysis of marker compounds responsible to cause rancidity signified the efficacy of S. wightii to arrest the development of undesirable oxidation products in the refined oil during storage. The antioxidant compounds, 15-(but-19-enyl)-hexahydro-13,16-dimethyl-11-oxo-1H-isochromen-8-yl benzoate (1) and 10-(but-13-en-12-yl)- 5-((furan-3-yl)propyl)-dihydrofuran-9(3H)-one (2) isolated from S. wightii appeared to play a major role to deter the oxidative degradation of refined oil thereby enhancing the storage stability

Effect of antioxidant compounds from seaweeds on storage stability of C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate prepared from dogfish liver oil

Ethyl acetate extracts of seaweeds were chromatographically fractionated to yield 14-methyl pentyl tetrahydro- 8-hydroxy-10-methylnaphthalene–8-carboxylate (1) and tetrahydro-4-isopropyl-9-(9, 14-dimethyldec-9-enyl)- pyran-1-one (2) from Sargassum ilicifolium, whereas Padina gymnospora afforded dihydro-2-(10-(hydroxymethyl)- 7,15-dimethyl-9-oxoundec-11-enyl)-2-methyl-2H-pyran-1(4H)-one (3) and 1-(decahydro-1-hydroxy-7-methyl-8- vinylnaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone (4) as major constituents. Compound 1 displayed significantly higher antioxidant activity (IC50 1 mg/mL). The C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acid (C20-22 PUFA) concentrate (CFA) prepared from the deep-sea dogfish liver oil was added with the studied compounds and physiochemical properties and fatty acid composition during an accelerated storage were evaluated. No significant reduction in C20-22 PUFAs (∼6%) in the CFA treated with 1 as compared to that with the control (∼35%) was recorded. A greater induction time was observed for the CFA supplemented with 1 (6.8 h) than other compounds (≤6 h) and control (∼1.6 h), maintaining the oxidation indices of the CFA within desirable limits