El arte una herramienta con alto valor educativo

Desde que somos vinculados al sistema educativo estamos inmersos en un aprendizaje impuesto por el sistema el cual nos genera un pensamiento conformista que termina con un desencanto de la educación generando una gran deserción en los estudiantes, la idea de vincular el arte y desarrollo de nuevas ideas que emergen en el canto, la pintura, la música, el baile y otros artes que tienen los estudiantes permiten potencializar el aprendizaje generando un encantamiento que permite que nos enamoremos de la educación y entendamos que la manera de educar es un mundo de opciones donde todo es válido y las inteligencias emergen y se descubren desde distintos campos ya sea a través del arte o cualquier otro proceso de aprendizaje, la manera como entendemos las cosas es tan diversa como la misma sociedad y hay que darle un valor especial a cada parte del escenario educativo donde se nacen varios planteamientos e ideas, los aportes de Henry Giroux, Gardner, Comenio y otros autores vistos en el seminario especializado permiten que nos llenemos de esperanza y de tener una educación soñada por muchos y poder dar un aporte a la educación en la escuela que es el escenario donde nace el encantamiento y el goce de aprender y enseñar, estos pilares que nos acompañan toda la vida son los que debemos entender y aplicar de manera clara y ver de manera critica la forma como educamos y nos educan y así poder quitarnos la venda que nos impone el sistema a la hora de educar lo cual nos limita y condiciona el resto de nuestra vida

Positive biocompatibility of several graphene derivatives with dopaminergic cells at long term culture

The emerging carbon nanomaterial graphene (G) and its oxidized derivative graphene oxide (GO) have recently gained considerable attention in biomedical applications such as cancer therapy or biosensors. It has for example been demonstrated that G has an efficient bioconjugation with common biomolecules and activates cell differentiation of neuronal stem cells (Li et al., 2013). This way, G could acts as a physical support or scaffold to promote axonal sprout as a “deceleration” support for the DA cells derived from neural stem cells. Since GO in its multilayer form and with multiples carboxilate and epoxy groups seems to shows interesting biological properties (Yang et al., 2013) the aim of the present work has been to test different graphene derivatives searching for the best scaffold to be used in stem cell differentiation. For this purpose we have tested the cytotoxicity of GO and reduced GO, and specifically its biocompatibility with SN4741, a dopaminergic cells line derived from mouse substance nigra, measuring the effect in the cells at long term culture. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium 10% FCS (Gibco) to about 80% confluence. Cells were incubated applying 1.000 cells in 96-well microliter plates with graphene using three chemically different types of GO as powders and films: 1) GO, which is hydrophilic; 2) partially reduced GO (PRGO) which is hydrophobic and 3) fully reduced GO (FRGO), also hydrophobic, in five concentrations: 1 mg/ml; 0.1 mg/ml; 0.05 mg/ml; 0.02 mg/ml and 0.01 mg/ml, in each type of graphene. Cells were cultured with GO and cell viability was determined after 24 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks using the MTT assay (Roche) and cytotoxicitity was determined by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (Roche) assay measured at 560nm. The results demonstrated positive biocompatibility between the G-derivatives and SN4741 cells. We conclude that the use of our G-derivative scaffolds can enhance the neural differentiation towards neurons (TH positive) providing a cell growth microenvironments and appropriate synergistic cell guidance cues. This findings demonstrated that biocompatibility of scaffolds is a pre-requisite for generation of successful clinical application of graphene. It could offer a platform for neural stem cells and a promising approach for neural regeneration in the research of neurological diseases like PD. Long-term studies on the biological effects of graphene will now be performed for the development of therapeutic treatment as the goal. (Refs: Li N., Zhang Q, Gao S. et a., 2013, Nature/Sci Rep. 3:1604. doi: 10.1038/srep01604; Yan K., Li Y., Tan X., et al., 2013, Small., 9(9-10): 1492-1503)1. Universidad de Malaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucia Tech, España. 2. The Norwegian Research Council (grant nº 215086, Oslo, Noruega. 3. Karolinska Institute Reasearch Fund, Estocolmo, Suecia

JIMENO, Myriam. 2014. Juan Gregorio Palechor: the story of my life

The story of my life é a tradução do livro Juan Gregorio Palechor: historia de mi vida, publicado originalmente em 2006 num esforço editorial conjunto entre o Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC), na Colômbia, e as universidades do Cauca e Nacional, referências acadêmicas do país. A tradução foi publicada pela editora da Universidade de Duke (Estados Unidos) na série “Latin America in Translation”, tendo agora um prefácio assinado por Joanne Rappaport, antropóloga norte-americana com am..

Vitalidades en flujo: de pagar, ofrendar y alimentar a los seres del origen entre la gente I´ku

Este artículo teje algunas reflexiones sobre un asunto bastante conocido entre los indígenas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia): la realización de ofrendas, comúnmente conocidas como «pagamentos», a las madres y padres del mundo. Por medio del caso i´ku, el argumento central delinea la idea de que estas ofrendas responden a esquemas de relación que fundamentan la socialidad de este grupo indígena de lengua chibcha. Para entender esto, es inevitable explorar la figura de los mamu (los chamanes de la Sierra), toda vez que son estas personas las encargadas de movilizar las relaciones sociales, no solo al interior del grupo sino también entre este y los demás seres que habitan el mundo. Finalmente enfatizo que, si bien la idea del «pago de una deuda» está presente en las ofrendas, ellas trascienden esta idea para procurar fines mayores

UNA MONTAÑA BAÑADA POR EL MAR. LA SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA EN EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO

A Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) tem sido historicamente um cenário com participação ativa na região colindante, incluindo o Caribe Colomiano. Porém, os estudos que se tem adiantado nos diferentes campos do conhecimento não parecem transcender as fronteiras físicas da zona. Por esse motivo, a Sierra não encontra-se presente no diálogo nen com a região Caribenha com a qual mantêm limites ao norte, nem com a região Andina com a qual limita ao Sul. Por isso muitos dos elementos mais interessantes dos grupos ijka, kággaba, viwa y kankuamo, seus habitantes indígenas, são desconhecidos no âmbito acadêmico internacional. Este texto busca pontualizar alguns aspectos específicos destes grupos com a finalidade de abrir possibilidades de diálogo tanto com as zonas vizinhas como com outras geograficamente afastadas, mas com muitos elementos etnológicos compartilhados, como é o caso da Amazônia. Palavras-chave: Serra Nevada de Santa Marta. Território. Cosmologia Resumen La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) ha sido históricamente un escenario con participación activa en la región aledaña, incluyendo al Caribe Colombiano. Sin embargo, los estudios que se han adelantado en los diferentes campos del conocimiento no parecen trascender las fronteras físicas de la zona. Por tal motivo, la Sierra no se encuentra presente en el diálogo ni con la región Caribeña con la que limita al norte, ni con la región Andina con la que limita al sur. Por eso muchos de los elementos más interesantes de los grupos ijka, kággaba, wiwa y kankuamo, sus habitantes indígenas, son desconocidos en el ámbito académico internacional. Este texto busca puntualizar algunos aspectos específicos de estos grupos con el fin de abrir posibilidades de diálogo tanto con las zonas vecinas como con otras geográficamente distantes, pero con muchos elementos etnológicos compartidos como lo es la Amazonía. Palabras claves: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Territorio. Cosmología Abstract Historically, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia) has been closely linked to the regions that surround it. However, the Sierra is absent from scholarship on the Caribbean region (northern border), as well as from literature on the Andean region (southern border). Therefore, many of the most interesting anthropological aspects of the Ijka, Kággaba, Wiwa and Kankuamo groups, the indigenus inhabitants of the Sierra, are unknown to the international academic community. This paper discusses some ethnological aspects of this groups in order to create basic conditions for a dialogue with scholarship on the Sierra’s neighboring areas, as well as with literature on other geographically distant regions with which many ethnological elements are shared, such as the Amazon. Key words: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia). Territory. Cosmolog

Fundamentals and Applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)

When a molecule is adsorbed on some metallic nanostructured surfaces such as silver, copper or gold, it can undergo an enormous enhancement of the Raman signal giving rise to the so called Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). The high sensitivity of this effect allows an accurate structural study of adsorbates at very low concentrations. The SERS effect has historically been associated with the substrate roughness on two characteristic length scales. Surface roughness on the 10 to 100 nm length scale supports localized plasmon resonances which are considered as the dominant enhancement mechanism of SERS (Electromagnetic Enhancement Mechanism: SERS-EM). It is usually accepted that these electromagnetic resonances can increase the scattered intensity by an average factor of ca. 104 to 107. A secondary mechanism often thought to require atomic scale roughness is referred to as Charge Transfer (CT) Enhancement Mechanism (SERS-CT). This mechanism involves the photoinduced transfer of an electron from the metal to the adsorbate or vice versa and involves new electronic excited CT states which result from adsorbate–substrate chemical interactions. It is also estimated that such SERS-CT mechanism can enhance the scattering cross-section by a factor of ca. 10 to 102. These two mechanisms can operate simultaneously, depending on the particular systems and experimental conditions, making difficult to recognize each one and to estimate their relative magnitude in a particular spectrum.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech