Local people standings on existing farm animal welfare legislation in the BRIC countries and the USA. Comparison with Western European legislation

This study explored the demand for improved farm animal welfare (FAW) legislation in the BRIC countries and the USA. Results are discussed in comparison to Europe. Interviewees ranked their willingness to support or oppose introduction of more FAW-friendly laws in their country. A multinomial logistic regression was fit to the data (p < 0.001), with the parameters ?country ? gender? (p < 0.001) and ?country ? age? (p < 0.001) found significant. Americans, Russian women, and older Brazilian men are very supportive. The age effect is also felt in India, where older people are more supportive. Chinese, American men, and younger Indians are less supportive. Russian males are the group that oppose the most, followed by younger Brazilians and Indians. The law and its application vary a lot between countries. Nevertheless, the societal willingness to improve FAW legislation is high in all countries. The willingness is higher in Europe. The different cultural backgrounds, the socio-economic factors, and the social, economic, and environmental sustainability are enough reasons to create barriers to policy harmonization in the global trade of farm animal products.0F1A-358B-43B5 | Fernando Jorge Ribeiro da MataN/

A perturbative solution for gravitational waves in quadratic gravity

We find a gravitational wave solution to the linearized version of quadratic gravity by adding successive perturbations to the Einstein's linearized field equations. We show that only the Ricci squared quadratic invariant contributes to give a different solution of those found in Einstein's general relativity. The perturbative solution is written as a power series in the $\beta$ parameter, the coefficient of the Ricci squared term in the quadratic gravitational action. We also show that, for monochromatic waves of a given angular frequency $\omega$, the perturbative solution can be summed out to give an exact solution to linearized version of quadratic gravity, for $0<\omega<c/\mid\beta\mid^{1/2}$. This result may lead to implications to the predictions for gravitational wave backgrounds of cosmological origin.Comment: 9 pages, to appear in CQ

Correction: Silva et al. Precision technologies to address dairy cattle welfare: focus on lameness, mastitis and body condition. Animals 2021, 11, 2253

Os autores (Silva, SR, et al.) omitiram involuntariamente a cita??o do artigo de O'Leary et al. ?O'Leary, NW; Byrne, DT; O'Connor, A.; Shalloo, L. Revis?o convidada: Detec??o de claudica??o de gado com aceler?metros. J. Dairy Sci. 2020, 103, 3895?3911. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-17123? e involuntariamente incluiu duas passagens (9 senten?as) sem aspas de O'Leary et al. 2020 no original. Portanto, essas duas passagens foram inadvertidamente apresentadas como obra dos autores. Os autores desejam pedir desculpas aos autores do trabalho n?o citado e fazer as seguintes corre??es em [1]: No artigo original, p?gina 5, se??o 2.1.3, ?T?cnicas baseadas em atividades?, as frases ?Westin et al. [75] conclu?ram que apenas uma pequena propor??o da varia??o no tempo deitado poderia ser explicada pela claudica??o. Em conjunto, as medidas de tempo deitado n?o s?o indicadores confi?veis ??de claudica??o, em parte porque o tempo deitado ? influenciado por muitos fatores al?m da claudica??o. Por essas raz?es, ? improv?vel que pesquisas adicionais com foco apenas em medidas de tempo deitado para apoiar a detec??o automatizada de claudica??o sejam bem-sucedidas? e ?O primeiro sistema automatizado de detec??o de claudica??o baseado em aceler?metro foi comercializado pela IceRobotics (Edimburgo, Reino Unido) em 2017 [77] e locomo??o pontua??o tamb?m foi comercializado. O sistema ? baseado em um ?nico aceler?metro de baixa resolu??o por vaca. O sistema apresenta aos usu?rios a probabilidade de uma vaca mancar usando um sistema de sem?foro. As vacas que provavelmente n?o mancam s?o verdes, as que podem mancar s?o amarelas e as que provavelmente mancam s?o vermelhas [77]. Essa abordagem ? diferente daquelas encontradas na literatura, mas pode ser uma solu??o apropriada para comunicar informa??es com precis?o menos do que perfeita aos fazendeiros? deve ler-se na vers?o corrigida: ?Em um recente trabalho abrangente sobre a detec??o de claudica??o em bovinos, O'Leary et al. [75] corroboram os resultados de outro relat?rio [76] que mostram que o tempo de descanso n?o ? um indicador confi?vel porque explica apenas uma pequena propor??o da varia??o de claudica??o em vacas leiteiras, pois o tempo de descanso ? influenciado por muitos outros fatores. Por essas raz?es, pesquisas adicionais para apoiar a detec??o autom?tica de claudica??o precisam se concentrar em outros aspectos al?m das medidas de tempo deitado para ter sucesso [75]? e ?Nos ?ltimos anos, o desenvolvimento de sistemas automatizados de detec??o de claudica??o baseados em aceler?metros evoluiu continuamente [75]. O primeiro sistema foi comercializado em outubro de 2018 pela IceRobotics (Edimburgo, Reino Unido) [78]. Neste sistema, cada vaca ? equipada com um ?nico aceler?metro de baixa resolu??o. O sistema apresenta aos usu?rios informa??es simples semelhantes ao sistema de sem?foros com as cores verde, amarelo e vermelho se as vacas forem identificadas como prov?veis ??de n?o mancar, talvez mancar ou com probabilidade de mancar, respectivamente [78]. Essa abordagem pode ser muito adequada para uma comunica??o direta aos agricultores [75]?. ? 2022 pelos autores. Licenciado MDPI, Basel, Su??a.FE1B-06B2-126F | Jos? Pedro Pinto de Ara?joN/

FUNGI ASSOCIATED THE SEEDS OF Enterolobium contortisiliquum : ANALYSIS OF INCIDENCE, CONTROL AND EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY WITH THE USE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

Os fungos s\ue3o os principais micro-organismos associados \ue0s sementes, podendo causar danos, tanto na fase de campo, como tamb\ue9m na p\uf3s-colheita e durante o armazenamento. Nesta \ufaltima fase, a deteriora\ue7\ue3o pode ocorrer pela a\ue7\ue3o espec\uedfica de fungos, afetando a qualidade fisiol\uf3gica das sementes. A utiliza\ue7\ue3o de extratos de plantas com propriedades antimicrobianas s\ue3o alternativas ecol\uf3gicas e promissoras para substituir a prote\ue7\ue3o promovida pela aplica\ue7\ue3o de fungicidas. Objetivou-se nesta pesquisa avaliar a efici\ueancia dos extratos de Allamanda blanchetti e Momordica charantia nas concentra\ue7\uf5es de 10, 100, 500 e 1000 ppm sobre a micoflora e germina\ue7\ue3o em sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum. As sementes foram coletadas em diferentes munic\uedpios do estado da Para\uedba (Areia, Arara, Conde e Sobrado). Os lotes foram submetidos a testes de sanidade e de germina\ue7\ue3o. A avalia\ue7\ue3o da incid\ueancia de fungos foi feita a partir da visualiza\ue7\ue3o dos fungos atrav\ue9s do m\ue9todo de papel de filtro. Utilizaram-se no teste de sanidade 100 sementes por tratamento, as quais foram imersas em 20 mL dos extratos por cinco minutos, em seguida incubadas em placas de Petri sobre dupla camada de papel de filtro. No teste de germina\ue7\ue3o utilizaram-se 200 sementes, distribu\ueddas em papel germitest e germinadas \ue0 temperatura de 30 \ub1 2\ub0C. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Constatou-se nas sementes de Enterolobium contortisiliquum os fungos: Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Rhizopus stolonifer , Penicillium , Curvularia lunata , Nigrospora sp. e ,Cladosporium sp. Os extratos de Allamanda blanchetti e Momordica charantia nas concentra\ue7\uf5es de 500 e 1000 ppm causaram redu\ue7\ue3o da frequ\ueancia dos fungos. O extrato de Momordica charantia nas concentra\ue7\uf5es de 500 e 1000 ppm proporcionou o aumento na germina\ue7\ue3o e primeira contagem, al\ue9m de reduzir o percentual de sementes mortas.The fungi are main micro-organisms associated with seeds, may cause damages, both in the field but also post-harvest and during storage. In this last phase, deterioration can occur by the action of specific fungi, affecting their physiological quality. The use of plant extracts with antimicrobial properties are promising and environmentally friendly alternatives to replace the protection promoted by fungicide application. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of extracts of Allamanda blanchetti and Momordica charantia in concentrations of 10, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm on mycoflora and germination in seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum. Seeds were collected in different municipalities in the state of Paraiba (Areia, Arara, Conde and Sobrado). The lots were tested for germination and sanity. The evaluation of the incidence of fungus was made from the visualization of fungi by the method of incubation blotter test. Was used the health test 100 seeds per treatment which were immersed in 20 mL of extracts for five minutes, incubated in then Petri dishes on double layer of filter paper. 200 seeds were used in the germination test, with four replications of 25 seeds per treatment, divided into germitest paper and germinated at temperatures of 30 \ub1 2\ub0C. The experimental design was completely randomized. It was found in the seeds of Enterolobium contortisiliquum the following fungi: Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Rhizopus stolonifer , Penicillium sp., Curvularia lunata , Nigrospora sp. and Cladosporium sp. The extracts of Allamanda blanchetti and Momordica charantia at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm caused a reduction in the frequency of fungi. The extract of Momordica charantia at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm provided an increase in germination and first count, and reduce the percentage of dead seeds

MODELAGEM DO CRESCIMENTO DE CLONES DE Eucalyptus USANDO O MODELO DE CHAPMAN-RICHARDS COM DIFERENTES DISTRIBUI\uc7 5ES SIM\uc9TRICAS DOS ERROS

The objective of this work was to estimate the height growth of Eucalyptus using the Chapman-Richards model considering for the errors the distributions normal, Student t (t) and Cauchy. The data set came from one hybrid clone of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus tereticornis x Eucalyptus pellita (controlled pollination), of the Forestry Experimental Module in the Gypsum Pole of Araripe, established in 2002. Eighty-three trees were used which heights were measured in all trees for six and half years. The parameters of the Chapman- Richards model were obtained maximizing the log-likelihood function. For comparison of the adjusted models were used the criteria of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian (BIC) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The model using the t distribution with 2 degrees of freedom (t2) had lower values of AIC and BIC and the model of Cauchy had lower value for MAPE. The results indicate that the model considering the t distribution for the errors presented best estimates of height growth of Eucalyptus hybrid clones in Gypsum Pole of Pernambuco.Objetivou-se neste trabalho estimar o crescimento em altura de clones de Eucalyptus usando o modelo de Chapman-Richards, considerando para os erros as distribui\ue7\uf5es: normal, t de Student (t) e Cauchy. Foram utilizados dados de clones de h\uedbrido entre Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus tereticornis x Eucalyptus pellita (poliniza\ue7\ue3o controlada), do M\uf3dulo de Experimenta\ue7\ue3o Florestal para o Polo Gesseiro do Araripe, implantado em 2002. Utilizaram-se 83 \ue1rvores cujas alturas foram medidas durante seis anos e meio. Os par\ue2metros do modelo de Chapman-Richards foram obtidos maximizando a fun\ue7\ue3o de log-verossimilhan\ue7a. Para compara\ue7\ue3o dos modelos foram utilizados os crit\ue9rios de informa\ue7\ue3o de Akaike (CIA) e Bayesiana (CIB) e o erro percentual absoluto m\ue9dio (EPAM). O modelo usando a distribui\ue7\ue3o t de Student com 2 graus de liberdade (t2) obteve menores valores de CIA e CIB enquanto que o modelo de Cauchy obteve menor valor para o EPAM. Os resultados indicam que o modelo, considerando distribui\ue7\ue3o t para os erros, apresentou melhores estimativas do crescimento em altura de clones h\uedbrido de Eucalyptus no Polo Gesseiro de Pernambuco

Evaluation of Lu-177-Dotatate treatment in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors and prognostic factors

BACKGROUND: (177)Lu peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a recently approved therapy in Spain that has been demonstrated to be a well-tolerated therapy for positive somatostatin receptor advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. AIM: To determine the impact of PRRT on quality of life, radiologic and metabolic response, overall survival, prognostic factors and toxicity. METHODS: Thirty-six patients treated with (177)Lu-PRRT from 2016 to 2019 were included. The most frequent location of the primary tumor was the gastrointestinal tract (52.8%), pancreas (27.8%), and nongastropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (11.1%). The liver was the most common site of metastasis (91.7%), followed by distant nodes (50.0%), bone (27.8%), peritoneum (25.0%) and lung (11.1%). Toxicity was evaluated after the administration of each dose. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by two parameters: stable disease and disease progression in response evaluation criteria in solid tumors 1.1 criterion and prognostic factors were tested. RESULTS: From 36 patients, 55.6% were men, with a median age of 61.1 +/- 11.8 years. Regarding previous treatments, 55.6% of patients underwent surgery of the primary tumor, 100% of patients were treated with long-acting somatostatin analogues, 66.7% of patients were treated with everolimus, 27.8% of patients were treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and 27.8% of patients were treated with interferon. One patient received radioembolization, three patients received chemoembolization, six patients received chemotherapy. Hematological toxicity was registered in 14 patients (G1-G2: 55.5% and G3: 3.1%). Other events presented were intestinal suboclusion in 4 cases, cholestasis in 2 cases and carcinoid crisis in 1 case. The median follow-up time was 3 years. Currently, 24 patients completed treatment. Nineteen are alive with stable disease, two have disease progression, eight have died, and nine are still receiving treatment. The median overall survival was 12.5 mo (95% confidence interval range: 9.8-15.2), being inversely proportional to toxicity in previous treatments (P < 0.02), tumor grade (P < 0.01) and the presence of bone lesions (P = 0.009) and directly proportional with matching lesion findings between Octreoscan and computed tomography pre-PRRT (P < 0.01), , primary tumor surgery (P = 0.03) and metastasis surgery (P = 0.045). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, a high Ki67 index (P = 0.003), a mismatch in the lesion findings between Octreoscan and computed tomography pre-PRRT (P < 0.01) and a preceding toxicity in previous treatments (P < 0.05) were risk factors to overall survival. CONCLUSION: Overall survival was inversely proportional to previous toxicity, tumor grade and the presence of bone metastasis and directly proportional to matching lesion findings between Octreoscan and computed tomography pre-PRRT and primary tumor and metastasis surgery

New Species in the Old World: Europe as a Frontier in Biodiversity Exploration, a Test Bed for 21st Century Taxonomy

The number of described species on the planet is about 1.9 million, with ca. 17,000 new species described annually, mostly from the tropics. However, taxonomy is usually described as a science in crisis, lacking manpower and funding, a politically acknowledged problem known as the Taxonomic Impediment. Using data from the Fauna Europaea database and the Zoological Record, we show that contrary to general belief, developed and heavily-studied parts of the world are important reservoirs of unknown species. In Europe, new species of multicellular terrestrial and freshwater animals are being discovered and named at an unprecedented rate: since the 1950s, more than 770 new species are on average described each year from Europe, which add to the 125,000 terrestrial and freshwater multicellular species already known in this region. There is no sign of having reached a plateau that would allow for the assessment of the magnitude of European biodiversity. More remarkably, over 60% of these new species are described by non-professional taxonomists. Amateurs are recognized as an essential part of the workforce in ecology and astronomy, but the magnitude of non-professional taxonomist contributions to alpha-taxonomy has not been fully realized until now. Our results stress the importance of developing a system that better supports and guides this formidable workforce, as we seek to overcome the Taxonomic Impediment and speed up the process of describing the planetary biodiversity before it is too late

SOIL-LANDSCAPE RELATIONSHIP AND ITS TEMPORAL VARIATION IN A FORESTRY EXPERIMENTAL STATION

A caracteriza\ue7\ue3o de componentes da paisagem e de suas rela\ue7\uf5es na Esta\ue7\ue3o Experimental de Silvicultura de Santa Maria - RS e o monitoramento da varia\ue7\ue3o temporal solo/paisagem entre os anos de 1987 e 2009 (22 anos) foram realizados, por meio de levantamentos de campo e mapeamento digital da cobertura vegetal, relevo e solos. Cruzaram-se informa\ue7\uf5es do hist\uf3rico de uso e ocupa\ue7\ue3o do solo, de transec\ue7\uf5es realizadas em 2009, do modelo num\ue9rico do terreno, de mapas de cobertura vegetal para 1987 e 2009 e de solos. Derivou-se assim um car\ue1ter transit\uf3rio dos componentes da paisagem, entre o Rebordo do Planalto Sul-Riograndense e a Depress\ue3o Central do Rio Grande do Sul, com uma descaracteriza\ue7\ue3o das fitofisionomias naturais e exist\ueancia de conflitos de uso do solo, bem como a influ\ueancia do relevo e da g\ueanese dos solos sobre o desenvolvimento fitofision\uf4mico. Houve expans\ue3o, em 22 anos, dos cultivos de Eucalyptus e Pinus , e da floresta nativa sobre o campo antr\uf3pico, principalmente em \ue1reas com Argissolos Bruno-Acinzentados e Argissolos Vermelhos.The characterization of landscape components and their relationships for the Forestry Experimental Station of Santa Maria,Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, and the monitoring of soil-landscape temporal variation between the years 1987 and 2009 (22 years) were performed by means of field surveys and digital mapping vegetation, soil and topography. Crossed the historical information of use and occupation of transects conducted in 2009, the digital terrain model, maps of land cover for 1987 and 2009 and soil, thus deriving a transitory component landscape, between the plateau border Southern and Central Depression of Rio Grande do Sul state, with a distortion of the natural vegetation types and conflicts of land use, as well as the influence of topography and soil genesis on the vegetation development. There was expansion in 22 years of Eucalyptus and Pinus crops and the natural forest on the anthropic field, especially in areas with Argissolos Bruno-Acinzentados and Argissolos Vermelhos

Strong sesquiterpene emissions from Amazonian soils

The Amazon rainforest is the world’s largest source of reactive volatile isoprenoids to the atmosphere. It is generally assumed that these emissions are products of photosynthetically driven secondary metabolism and released from the rainforest canopy from where they influence the oxidative capacity through reaction with hydroxyl radicals (OH) and ozone (O3). However, recent volatile organic compound (VOC) budgeting experiments (based on OH reactivity) show that further important sources remain to be discovered. Here we show that soil microorganisms are a strong, unaccounted source of highly reactive and previously unreported sesquiterpenes (C15H24; SQT). The emission rate and chemical speciation of soil SQTs were determined as a function of soil moisture, oxygen, and rRNA transcript abundance in the laboratory. Based on these results a model was developed to predict soil-atmosphere SQT fluxes. Simulated results compared closely with SQT flux measurements in the field, so a two-year period (2014-2015) was modelled based on in-situ rainfall and soil moisture measurements. It was found SQT emissions from a Terra Firme soil in the dry season were in comparable magnitude to current global model canopy emissions and dominated O3 reactivity on the forest floor, establishing an important ecological connection between soil microbes and atmospherically relevant SQTs