Revisiting the outstanding flooding episode of November 1967 in the greater metropolitan Lisbon area

The deadliest storm affecting Portugal since, at least, the early 19th century, took place on the 25 and 26 November 1967 causing more than 500 fatalities. Here we provide a comprehensive multi-disciplinary assessment of this episode, including the main socio-economic impacts, particularly the numbers and location of victims (dead, injured, homeless and evacuated). Based on the sub-daily time series of a representative station, and its Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves, we have found that the exceptionality of this rainfall event is particularly linked to rainfall intensities ranging in duration from 4 to 9 hours compatible with return periods of 100-years or more. This range of time scale is similar to the estimated concentration time values of the hydrographic basins affected by the flash flood event. Most victims were sleeping or were caught by surprise at home in the small river catchments within the greater metropolitan Lisbon area. The majority of people who died or who were severely affected by the flood lived in degraded housing conditions often raised in a clandestine way, occupying flood plains near the stream beds. This level of destruction observed at the time is in stark contrast to what was observed in subsequent episodes of similar amplitude. In particular, since 1967 the Lisbon area, was struck by two comparable intense precipitation events in 1983 and 2008 but generating considerably fewer deaths and evacuated people.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

II Jornadas de la Sociedad Española para la Conservación y Estudio de Los Mamíferos (SECEM) Soria 7-9 diciembre 1995

Seguimiento de una reintroducción de corzo (Capreolus capreolus) en ambiente mediterráneo. Dispersión y área de campeoModelos de distribución de los insectívoros ern la Península IbéricaDieta anual del zorro, Vulpes vulpes, en dos hábitats del Parque Nacional de DoñanaDesarrollo juvenil del cráneo en las poblaciones ibéricas de gato montés, Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777Presencia y expansión del visón americano (Mustela vison) en las provincias de Teruel y Castellón (Este de España).Preferencias de hábitat invernal de la musaraña común (Crocidura russula) en un encinar fragmentado de la submeseta norteUso de cámaras automáticas para la recogida de información faunística.Dieta del lobo en dos zonas de Asturias (España) que difieren en carga ganadera.Consumo de frutos y dispersión de semillas de serbal (Sorbus aucuparia L.) por zorros y martas en la cordillera Cantábrica occidentalEvaluación de espermatozoides obtenidos postmorten en el ciervo.Frecuencia de aparición de diferentes restos de conejo en excrementos de lince y zorroAtlas preliminar de los mamíferos de Soria (España)Censo y distribución de la marmota alpina (Marmota marmota) en Navarra.Trampeo fotográfico del género Martes en el Parque Nacional de Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici (Lleida)Peer reviewe

Twenty-three unsolved problems in hydrology (UPH) – a community perspective

This paper is the outcome of a community initiative to identify major unsolved scientific problems in hydrology motivated by a need for stronger harmonisation of research efforts. The procedure involved a public consultation through on-line media, followed by two workshops through which a large number of potential science questions were collated, prioritised, and synthesised. In spite of the diversity of the participants (230 scientists in total), the process revealed much about community priorities and the state of our science: a preference for continuity in research questions rather than radical departures or redirections from past and current work. Questions remain focussed on process-based understanding of hydrological variability and causality at all space and time scales. Increased attention to environmental change drives a new emphasis on understanding how change propagates across interfaces within the hydrological system and across disciplinary boundaries. In particular, the expansion of the human footprint raises a new set of questions related to human interactions with nature and water cycle feedbacks in the context of complex water management problems. We hope that this reflection and synthesis of the 23 unsolved problems in hydrology will help guide research efforts for some years to come

Streptopodium caricae sp. nov., with a discussion of powdery mildews on papaya, and emended descriptions of the genus Streptopodium and Oidium caricae

A new powdery mildew infecting papaya (Carica papaya) in Brazil, Streptopodium caricae sp. nov., is described. The species is compared with other anamorphic Erysiphales known to infect papaya: Oidiopsis sicula, Ovulariopsis papayae, Oidium caricae, O. papayae, O. caricicola, O. indicum, O. caricae-papayae, Podosphaera (syn. Sphaerotheca) spp., and Erysiphe spp. An emended description Streptopodium and a key to the anamorphs of powdery mildews on papaya are also presented. A re-examination of the type material of Phyllactinia caricaefolia showed that conidia in this material are dimorphic, indicating that its anamorph does not belong to Ovulariopsis and that the teleomorph is not conspecific with Phyllactinia guttata. Oidium caricae, the common powdery mildew of papaya, was re-examined, recognized as a member of subgenus Pseudoidium, an emended description was prepared, and a new type was indicated. O. papayae was recognized as a synonym of O. caricae, and many of the records of this fungus are considered to be doubtful or incorrect, either omitting a description of the fungus or including a description or illustration of an euodium conidiophore morphology

Queirozia turbinata (Phyllactinieae, Erysiphaceae): a powdery mildew with a dematiaceous anamorph

The powdery mildew monotypic genus Queirozia was reduced to a synonym of Pleochaeta in 1982. Now, a re-examination of the type material of Queirozia and of two other specimens showed that Queirozia turbinata has a very distinct combination of characters that do not allow its placement within Pleochaeta. It has forked special aerial hyphae, subclavate and predominantly lemon-shaped conidia, and both conidiophores and conidia varying from greyish to yellowish brown (a feature that appears to be unique for this fungus within the Erysiphales). This may represent the first dematiaceous anamorphic powdery mildew known to science. This fungus also has hemiendophytic mycelium, a character considered almost exclusive to the tribe Phyllactinieae. The outer wall surface pattern of wrinkled and turgid conidia of Q. turbinata as observed under the SEM is different from those presented in the literature for this tribe. Molecular analysis showed that Q. turbinata belongs to the tribe Phyllactinieae and is phylogenetic closer to Pleochaeta than to Leveillula or Phyllactinia. It is therefore acknowledged that Queirozia is closely related to Pleocheta but too distinct morphologically from this genus to be accepted as a synonym. Emended descriptions of Queirozia and Q. turbinata are presented

Controle e condições climáticas favoráveis à antracnose do mamoeiro

A podridão peduncular (PP) e a antracnose são as principais doenças pós-colheita do mamão (Carica papaya). Avaliou-se o efeito de 11 tratamentos (mg.l-1 i.a.) em seu controle: 1-chlorothalonil PM (1500); 2-chlorothalonil SC (2000); 3-chlorothalonil + oxicloreto de cobre PM (875 + 1050); 4-tiofanato metílico + chlorothalonil PM (400 + 1000); 5-tiofanato metílico PM (700); 6-tolylfluanid PM (750); 7-tebuconazole CE (200); 8-triadimenol CE (250); 9-fluazinam SC (500); 10-iminoctadine F (300) e 11-testemunha. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e oito plantas / parcela, em pomar de 'Improved Sunrise Solo Line 72/12', em Linhares-ES. De março de 1997 até março de 1998, realizaram-se pulverizações bissemanal a mensalmente e, a partir de setembro, 12 colheitas de nove frutos / parcela. Dez a 12 dias após a colheita, avaliou-se a incidência da antracnose e da PP e a severidade da antracnose, com o uso de escala de notas de 0 a 4. A incidência da antracnose variou de 68,5 a 100% na testemunha. A correlação entre incidência e severidade da antracnose foi alta (r = 0,86). O uso de fungicidas não reduziu a incidência de PP. Exceto os tratamentos 7 e 8, os demais reduziram 26,4 a 41,2% a média geral da incidência de antracnose, em relação à testemunha. Não houve interação entre tratamentos e épocas de avaliação. Houve redução de até 73,6% da incidência de antracnose. A maior incidência da antracnose e a menor eficiência dos fungicidas ocorreu de novembro a 15 de janeiro, quando ocorreu maior quantidade de chuva (505 mm em 16 dias).Anthracnose and stem-end rot (SER) are the main post harvest diseases of papaya (Carica papaya) in Brazil. The effectiveness of 11 treatments (mg.l-1 a.i.) on the their control was evaluated: 1-chlorothalonil WP (1500); 2-chlorothalonil SC (2000); 3-chlorothalonil + copper oxychloride WP (875 + 1050); 4-thiofanate-metil + chlorothalonil WP (400 + 1000); 5- thiofanate-metil WP (700); 6-tolylfluanid WP (750); 7-tebuconazole EC (200); 8-triadimenol EC (250); 9-fluazinam SC (500); 10-iminoctadine F (300) and 11-unsprayed control. A trial was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four replications and eight plants / plot, using 'Improved Sunrise Solo Line 72/12', in Linhares-ES. From the beginning of flowering (March 1997) to March 1998, biweekly to monthlly sprays were applied. From September on, 12 harvests of nine fruits/plot were accomplished. Ten to 12 days after the harvest, the incidence of anthracnose and SER was evaluated and the severity of anthracnose was estimated visually using a scale from 0 to 4. The correlation between incidence and severity of anthracnose was high (r = 0,86). The use of fungicides did not reduce the incidence of SER. Except for treatments 7 and 8, the average incidence was reduced from 26,4 to 41,2% compared to unsprayed controls. On the third day of evaluation fungicides reduced the anthracnose incidence up to 73,6%. The highest anthracnose incidence and the lowest degree of fungicide effectiveness occurred between November and January 15th, which correspond to the highest rain frequency (505 mm in 16 days)