ANÁLISE DOS FATORES CONDICIONANTES DOS RESULTADOS DA REFORMA AGRÁRIA NO BRASIL

Several economic models were fitted in this work referring to income determination of families seated in projects of Cédula da Terra Program. The estimates are obtained from a two-stage cluster sample and the models were fitted considering demographic, social and economic variables and referring to sub-samples of federation units and strata of projects size. The main conclusions reaffirm that the program beneficiaries' income is multi-determined for a wide set of factors, between which have relevance the education (in spite of being low), the work effort, the work opportunities out of the lot, the area of the lot and the level of social organization of the producers. Through the fittings of the models for each federation unit were verified the occurrences of specific factors, each being confronted with the researchers' direct observation. The results also indicate that the projects of medium number of families (20 to 38 families) are the ones that possess more potential use of its collective organization capacities in the associative work.

A desigualdade pode afetar a eficiência do sistema financeiro? um modelo de equilíbrio em dois períodos com fricções na intermediação financeira

This study presents an equilibrium model that shows a channel through which wealth inequality may affect the financial system development. In the presence frictions, namely, a limit to the proportion of debt in projects financed by banks and a minimum size of projects available in the economy, we show that inequality may negatively affect the volume of resources intermediated by the financial system and, hence, its efficiency, given the assumed gains of scale. Simulations under several parameterizations reveal a non-linear, non-monotonic relation between inequality and financial system efficiency, as measured by the spread between borrowing and lending.Este trabalho apresenta um modelo de equilíbrio que mostra um canal através do qual a desigualdade na distribuição de riqueza pode afetar o desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro. Na presença de fricções, nominalmente: um limite à proporção de dívida nos p6911751sem informaçãosem informaçãoAghion, P., Bolton, P., A theory of trickle-down growth and development (1997) The Review of Economic Studies, 67 (219), pp. 151-172Aghion, P., Howitt, P.W., (1998) Endogenous growth theory, , Cambridge, MA: MIT PressBeck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Levine, R., SMEs, growth, and poverty: Cross-country evidence (2005) Journal of Economic Growth, 10 (3), pp. 199-229Diamond, D.W., Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring (1984) Review of Economic Studies, pp. 393-414Diamond, D.W., Dybvig, P.H., Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity (1983) Journal of Political Economy, 91 (3), pp. 401-419. , JunLi, H., Squire, L., Zou, H.-F., Explaining international and intertemporal variations in income inequality (1998) The Economic Journal, 108 (446), pp. 26-43(2009) Human Development Report 2009, , http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf, New York: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Disponível em(2013) Inequality matters: Report of the world social situation 2013, , http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/reports/InequalityMatters.pdf, New York: United Nations / Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Disponível emThis study presents an equilibrium model that shows a channel through which wealth inequality may affect the financial system development. In the presence frictions, namely, a limit to the proportion of debt in projects financed by banks and a minimum si

Genome of the Avirulent Human-Infective Trypanosome—Trypanosoma rangeli

Background: Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts.  Methodology/Principal Findings: The T. rangeli haploid genome is ,24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heatshock proteins.  Conclusions/Significance: Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio