Risk factors and demographics for microtia in South America: a case-control analysis

BACKGROUND: The etiopathogenesis of microtia is still unknown in the majority of the cases, particularly for individuals presenting with isolated microtia. Our aim was to evaluate potential risk factors for this condition using a case–control approach. METHODS: We analyzed data from 1,194 live births with isolated microtia enrolled in the ECLAMC study (Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congénitas) from 1982 to 2011 and their respective controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated with logistic regression models along with 95% confidence intervals for the resulting OR estimates controlling for the effects of potential confounders (sex, maternal age, hospital, and year of birth) for an adjusted OR (aOR). RESULTS: Multiparity was associated with a higher risk of microtia compared with primiparity (aOR, 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–1.8), with women who had eight or more prior pregnancies having the highest risk (aOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.6–5.2). Women who presented with cold-like symptoms were at higher risk for microtia (aOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2–3.9) as well as those that used tobacco or alcohol during pregnancy (aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.6 and aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.9–2.1, respectively). The association with alcohol use appeared to be limited to those women who reported binge drinking during pregnancy (aOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.7–3.1). Cases from hospitals at low altitude (<2500 m) tended to have more severe types of microtia than those from hospitals at high altitude. CONCLUSION: These results support the hypothesis that, in addition to teratogens, other nongenetic risk factors contribute to the occurrence of isolated microtia.Fil: Luquetti, Daniela. University of Washington; Estados Unidos. Seattle Children; Estados UnidosFil: Saltzman, Babette S.. Seattle Children; Estados UnidosFil: López Camelo, Jorge Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET.; ArgentinaFil: Dutra, Maria da Graça. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; BrasilFil: Castilla, Eduardo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET.; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional; Brasi

Riesgo de anomalías congénitas en grupos étnicos de Sudamérica

El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar el riesgo de defectos congénitos según condición étnica de los padres del recién nacido. Fueron seleccionados 20.940 neonatos con 10 anomalías congénitas específicas y un grupo similar de controles, clasificados según su condición étnica. Se estimaron los riesgos de las 10 anomalías congénitas aisladas mediante métodos de regresión logística, ajustando los riesgos por índices de propensión (Propensity Score) utilizando la prueba de Mantel-Haenszel. Los resultados del presente trabajo mostraron que en europeos latinos existe un mayor riesgo de tener un recién nacido con espina bífida, sindactilia 2-3 del pie e hipospadias; en judíos el riesgo mayor es para hipospadias; en nativos para microtia, labio leporino, polidactilia preaxial y atresia anal; en afrodescendientes para polidactilia postaxial e hipospadias y en árabes para espina bífida. En conclusión, en Sudamérica algunos grupos étnicos muestran un riesgo incrementado para ciertas anomalías congénitas, independientemente de la edad de los padres, el nivel socioeconómico y el número de embarazos, sugiriendo susceptibilidad de ciertos grupos étnicos para determinados defectos congénitos.The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies according to the ethnicity of the newborn’s parents. A sample of 20,940 newborns with 10 specific congenital anomalies was selected, together with a similar group of controls, and separated by ethnic group. The risks for the 10 isolated congenital anomalies were estimated by logistic regression methods, adjusting for Propensity Score using the Mantel-Haenszel test. The results of the present study showed that Latin Europeans have a high risk for spina bifida, syndactyly 2-3 of toes, and hypospadias; Jews for hypospadias; natives (Amerindian) for microtia, oral clefts, preaxial polydactyly and anal atresia; African descendants for postaxial polydactyly and hypospadias, and Arabs for spina bifida. In conclusion, inSouth America some ethnic groups have an increased risk for some congenital defects, which are not attributable to parental age, socioeconomic status or the number of pregnancies, suggesting that certain ethnic groups are more susceptible to specific birth defects.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

Riesgo de anomalías congénitas en grupos étnicos de Sudamérica

El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar el riesgo de defectos congénitos según condición étnica de los padres del recién nacido. Fueron seleccionados 20.940 neonatos con 10 anomalías congénitas específicas y un grupo similar de controles, clasificados según su condición étnica. Se estimaron los riesgos de las 10 anomalías congénitas aisladas mediante métodos de regresión logística, ajustando los riesgos por índices de propensión (Propensity Score) utilizando la prueba de Mantel-Haenszel. Los resultados del presente trabajo mostraron que en europeos latinos existe un mayor riesgo de tener un recién nacido con espina bífida, sindactilia 2-3 del pie e hipospadias; en judíos el riesgo mayor es para hipospadias; en nativos para microtia, labio leporino, polidactilia preaxial y atresia anal; en afrodescendientes para polidactilia postaxial e hipospadias y en árabes para espina bífida. En conclusión, en Sudamérica algunos grupos étnicos muestran un riesgo incrementado para ciertas anomalías congénitas, independientemente de la edad de los padres, el nivel socioeconómico y el número de embarazos, sugiriendo susceptibilidad de ciertos grupos étnicos para determinados defectos congénitos.The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies according to the ethnicity of the newborn’s parents. A sample of 20,940 newborns with 10 specific congenital anomalies was selected, together with a similar group of controls, and separated by ethnic group. The risks for the 10 isolated congenital anomalies were estimated by logistic regression methods, adjusting for Propensity Score using the Mantel-Haenszel test. The results of the present study showed that Latin Europeans have a high risk for spina bifida, syndactyly 2-3 of toes, and hypospadias; Jews for hypospadias; natives (Amerindian) for microtia, oral clefts, preaxial polydactyly and anal atresia; African descendants for postaxial polydactyly and hypospadias, and Arabs for spina bifida. In conclusion, inSouth America some ethnic groups have an increased risk for some congenital defects, which are not attributable to parental age, socioeconomic status or the number of pregnancies, suggesting that certain ethnic groups are more susceptible to specific birth defects.Asociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

Riesgo de anomalías congénitas en grupos étnicos de Sudamérica

El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar el riesgo de defectos congénitos según condición étnica de los padres del recién nacido. Fueron seleccionados 20.940 neonatos con 10 anomalías congénitas específicas y un grupo similar de controles, clasificados según su condición étnica. Se estimaron los riesgos de las 10 anomalías congénitas aisladas mediante métodos de regresión logística, ajustando los riesgos por índices de propensión (Propensity Score) utilizando la prueba de Mantel-Haenszel. Los resultados del presente trabajo mostraron que en europeos latinos existe un mayor riesgo de tener un recién nacido con espina bífida, sindactilia 2-3 del pie e hipospadias; en judíos el riesgo mayor es para hipospadias; en nativos para microtia, labio leporino, polidactilia preaxial y atresia anal; en afrodescendientes para polidactilia postaxial e hipospadias y en árabes para espina bífida. En conclusión, en Sudamérica algunos grupos étnicos muestran un riesgo incrementado para ciertas anomalías congénitas, independientemente de la edad de los padres, el nivel socioeconómico y el número de embarazos, sugiriendo susceptibilidad de ciertos grupos étnicos para determinados defectos congénitos.The objective of this study was to estimate the risk of congenital anomalies according to the ethnicity of the newborn’s parents. A sample of 20,940 newborns with 10 specific congenital anomalies was selected, together with a similar group of controls, and separated by ethnic group. The risks for the 10 isolated congenital anomalies were estimated by logistic regression methods, adjusting for Propensity Score using the Mantel-Haenszel test. The results of the present study showed that Latin Europeans have a high risk for spina bifida, syndactyly 2-3 of toes, and hypospadias; Jews for hypospadias; natives (Amerindian) for microtia, oral clefts, preaxial polydactyly and anal atresia; African descendants for postaxial polydactyly and hypospadias, and Arabs for spina bifida. In conclusion, inSouth America some ethnic groups have an increased risk for some congenital defects, which are not attributable to parental age, socioeconomic status or the number of pregnancies, suggesting that certain ethnic groups are more susceptible to specific birth defects

Determinantes sociales adversos y riesgo para anomalías congénitas seleccionadas

Introducción. Diferentes trabajos han relacionando condiciones sociales adversas a nivel familiar y regional con resultados perinatales (mortalidad neonatal, bajo peso y prematuridad); sin embargo, pocos estudiaron el efecto de la pobreza sobre anomalías congénitas. Objetivo. Evaluar el riesgo de ocurrencia de 25 anomalías congénitas y determinantes sociales adversos según el nivel socioeconómico de la familia y de la región. Población y métodos. Estudio caso-control exploratorio, en el que se utilizaron datos del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC). La muestra consistió en 3786 recién nacidos vivos con una única malformación y 13 344 controles, seleccionados entre 546 129 nacimientos, ocurridos en 39 hospitales de Argentina durante el período 1992-2001. Se estimaron los riesgos (OR) directos, indirectos (a través de la región de residencia) y la interacción entre el nivel socioeconómico individual y residencial para cada uno de los 25 defectos congénitos. Resultados. Los defectos labio leporino con/sin paladar hendido (OR= 1,43) y comunicación interventricular (OR= 1,38) mostraron un riesgo significativamente mayor en el nivel socioeconómico más bajo. Los niveles socioeconómicos bajos se asociaron de manera significativa con una mayor frecuencia de consanguinidad parental, ancestros nativos, edad materna menor de 19 años, más de 4 embarazos, bajo número de visitas prenatales y residencia en regiones desfavorables. Conclusión. La fisura labial con o sin paladar hendido y los defectos del tabique interventricular estuvieron asociados significativamente con un nivel socioeconómico más bajo. La falta de planificación familiar, de control prenatal y la exposición a agentes ambientales o teratógenos pueden explicar estos hallazgos.Introduction.Different studies have related familiar and regional adverse social conditions to perinatal outcome (neonatal mortality, low birth weight and prematurity); however, few studies have studied the effect of poverty on congenital anomalies. Objective.To assess the hazard ratio of 25 congenital anomalies and adverse social determinants as per the socioeconomic level of families and regions. Population and methods.Exploratory, casecontrol study using data from the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas, ECLAMC). The sample consisted of 3786live newborn infants with a single malformation and 13 344 controls selected among 546 129 births occurred in 39hospitals from Argentina in the 1992- 2001 period. Both direct and indirect (residence) risks (OR) were estimated, together with the interaction between the individual and residential socioeconomic levels for each of the 25 congenital anomalies. Results.Cleft lip with/without cleft palate (OR= 1.43) and ventricular septal defect (OR= 1.38) showed a significantly higher risk in the lower socioeconomic level. Low socioeconomic levels were significantly associated with a higher frequency of parental sibship (blood relationship), native descent, maternal age younger than 19 years old, more than four pregnancies, a low number of antenatal care visits, and residence in deprived regions. Conclusion. Cleft lip with/without cleft palate and ventricular septal defects were significantly associated with a lower socioeconomic level. Lack of family planning and antenatal care, and exposure to environmental or teratogenic agents may account for these findings

Economic activity and congenital anomalies: An ecologic study in Argentina

In this study, we analyze the association between industrial activity and the occurrence of 34 congenital anomalies. We selected 21 counties in Argentina during 1982-1994 and examined a total of 614,796 births in these counties in consecutive series. We used the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities as an indicator of exposure to 80 specific industrial activities. Incidence rate ratios for each congenital anomaly were adjusted by the socioeconomic level of the county according to a census index of social deprivation. For a given exposure/anomaly association to be considered as significant and relevant, the exposure had to be a statistically significant risk for the occurrence of the anomaly and an increase in the birth prevalence rate of the congenital anomaly type involved had to be observed in those counties where the putative causal activity was being performed. Significant associations (p < 0.01) were identified between textile industry and anencephaly, and between the manufacture of engines and turbines and microcephaly. These observations are consistent with previous reports on occupational exposure, and their further investigation by means of case-control studies is recommended.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Economic activity and congenital anomalies: An ecologic study in Argentina

In this study, we analyze the association between industrial activity and the occurrence of 34 congenital anomalies. We selected 21 counties in Argentina during 1982-1994 and examined a total of 614,796 births in these counties in consecutive series. We used the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities as an indicator of exposure to 80 specific industrial activities. Incidence rate ratios for each congenital anomaly were adjusted by the socioeconomic level of the county according to a census index of social deprivation. For a given exposure/anomaly association to be considered as significant and relevant, the exposure had to be a statistically significant risk for the occurrence of the anomaly and an increase in the birth prevalence rate of the congenital anomaly type involved had to be observed in those counties where the putative causal activity was being performed. Significant associations (p < 0.01) were identified between textile industry and anencephaly, and between the manufacture of engines and turbines and microcephaly. These observations are consistent with previous reports on occupational exposure, and their further investigation by means of case-control studies is recommended.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

Iniquidades sociais em mães adolescentes e sua relação com resultados perinatais adversos em populações sul-americanas

El objetivo fue explicar las diferencias en la frecuencia de eventos perinatales adversos entre madres adolescentes con baja y alta escolaridad. La muestra poblacional se recogió en la base de datos del Estudio Colaborativo Latinoamericano de Malformaciones Congénitas (ECLAMC). Entre 2.443.747 nacimientos ocurridos en 93 hospitales, se reclutaron 66.755 recién nacidos vivos, sin defectos congénitos, durante el período 2000-2017. Las madres adolescentes se clasificaron según su escolaridad en: baja, media y alta. Se utilizó un modelo multivariado, que incluyó efectos reproductivos, acceso a servicios de salud, variables demográficas-socioeconómicas, así como de grupo étnico. El modelo de descomposición de Fairlie se aplicó para cuantificar la contribución de variables explicativas en las frecuencias de eventos perinatales adversos. De los 66.755 recién nacidos investigados, el 21,1% (n = 14.078) fue primigrávida de madres adolescentes. La distribución por escolaridad materna fue de 24,2%, 59,8% y 16% para baja, media y alta escolaridad, respectivamente. Las mayores frecuencias de eventos perinatales adversos se observaron en madres adolescentes con baja escolaridad. La variable “acceso a servicios de salud” explicó un 35%, 37% y 23% de las disparidades en el bajo peso al nacimiento, prematuridad y retardo de crecimiento intrauterino, respectivamente, entre madres adolescentes con baja y alta escolaridad. El bajo número de consultas prenatales fue el único factor de riesgo para los dos niveles de escolaridad y la variable que mejor explica las diferencias entre las frecuencias de eventos perinatales adversos. Desde el punto de vista de la salud pública, ellos representan una intervención de bajo coste, con posibilidad de que se incrementen mediante información adecuada para la población y medidas sistemáticas en los niveles de atención primaria.The aim was to explain differences in the rates of adverse perinatal events in teenage mothers with low and high schooling. The sample was collected from the Latin American Colaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) database. From a total of 2,443,747 births in 93 hospitals, 66,755 live newborns without congenital malformations were recruited from 2000 to 2017. Teenage mothers were classified according to low, medium, and high schooling. A multivariate model was used that included reproductive history, access to health services, demographic and socioeconomic variables, and ethnic group. The Fairlie decomposition model was applied to quantify the contribution of explanatory variables to the adverse perinatal event rates. Of the 66,755 newborns analyzed, 21.1% (n = 14,078) were born to teenage mothers. Distribution of maternal schooling was 24.2%, 59.8%, and 16% for low, medium, and high schooling, respectively. The highest rates of adverse perinatal events were seen in teenage mothers with low schooling. The variable “access to health services” explained 35%, 37%, and 23% of the disparities in low birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth restriction, respectively, among teenage mother with low and high schooling. Low number of prenatal visits was the only risk factor for the two levels of schooling and the variable that best explained the differences between the rates of adverse perinatal events. From the public health perspective, prenatal care represents a low-cost intervention with the possibility of increased implementation through adequate information for the population and systematic measures in primary care.O objetivo foi explicar as diferenças na frequência de eventos perinatais adversos entre mães adolescentes com baixa e alta escolaridade. A amostra populacional foi coletada na base de dados do Estudo Colaborativo Latino-Americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC). Entre 2.443.747 nascimentos ocorridos em 93 hospitais, 66.755 recém-nascidos vivos sem defeitos congênitos foram recrutados no período 2000-2017. As mães adolescentes foram classificadas segundo sua escolaridade em: baixa, média e alta. Foi utilizado um modelo multivariado que incluiu efeitos reprodutivos, acesso a serviços de saúde, variáveis demográficas-socioeconômicas e de grupo étnico. O modelo de decomposição de Fairlie foi aplicado para quantificar a contribuição de variáveis explicativas nas frequências de eventos perinatais adversos. Dos 66.755 recém-nascidos pesquisados, o 21,1% (n = 14.078) foi a mãe adolescente. A distribuição por escolaridade materna foi de 24,2%, 59,8% e 16% para baixa escolaridade, média escolaridade e alta escolaridade, respectivamente. As maiores frequências de eventos perinatais adversos foram observadas em mães adolescentes com baixa escolaridade. A variável “acesso a serviços de saúde”; explicou 35%, 37% e 23% das disparidades no baixo peso ao nascer, prematuridade e retardo de crescimento intrauterino, respectivamente, entre mães adolescentes com baixa e alta escolaridades. O baixo número de consultas pré-natais foi o único fator de risco para os dois níveis de escolaridade e a variável que melhor explica as diferenças entre as frequências de eventos perinatais adversos. Do ponto de vista da saúde pública, eles representam uma intervenção de baixo custo, com possibilidade de ser incrementadas por meio de informações adequadas à população e medidas sistemáticas nos níveis de atenção primária.Fil: Ratowiecki, Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: Santos, María Rita. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular; ArgentinaFil: Poletta, Fernando Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: Heisecke Peralta, Silvina Lidia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: Elias, Dario Ezequiel. No especifíca;Fil: Gili, Juan Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: Gimenez, Lucas. No especifíca;Fil: Pawluk, Mariela Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: Uranga, Rocio. No especifíca;Fil: Cosentino, Viviana Raquel. No especifíca;Fil: Campaña, Hebe. No especifíca;Fil: Rittler, Mónica. No especifíca;Fil: López Camelo, Jorge S.. No especifíca

Economic activity and congenital anomalies: An ecologic study in Argentina

In this study, we analyze the association between industrial activity and the occurrence of 34 congenital anomalies. We selected 21 counties in Argentina during 1982-1994 and examined a total of 614,796 births in these counties in consecutive series. We used the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities as an indicator of exposure to 80 specific industrial activities. Incidence rate ratios for each congenital anomaly were adjusted by the socioeconomic level of the county according to a census index of social deprivation. For a given exposure/anomaly association to be considered as significant and relevant, the exposure had to be a statistically significant risk for the occurrence of the anomaly and an increase in the birth prevalence rate of the congenital anomaly type involved had to be observed in those counties where the putative causal activity was being performed. Significant associations (p < 0.01) were identified between textile industry and anencephaly, and between the manufacture of engines and turbines and microcephaly. These observations are consistent with previous reports on occupational exposure, and their further investigation by means of case-control studies is recommended.Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celula

The effect of systematic pediatric care on neonatal mortality and hospitalizations of infants born with oral clefts

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) increase mortality and morbidity risks for affected infants especially in less developed countries. This study aimed at assessing the effects of systematic pediatric care on neonatal mortality and hospitalizations of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in South America.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The intervention group included live-born infants with isolated or associated CL/P in 47 hospitals between 2003 and 2005. The control group included live-born infants with CL/P between 2001 and 2002 in the same hospitals. The intervention group received systematic pediatric care between the 7^thand 28^thday of life. The primary outcomes were mortality between the 7^thand 28^thday of life and hospitalization days in this period among survivors adjusted for relevant baseline covariates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were no significant mortality differences between the intervention and control groups. However, surviving infants with associated CL/P in the intervention group had fewer hospitalization days by about six days compared to the associated control group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Early systematic pediatric care may significantly reduce neonatal hospitalizations of infants with CL/P and additional birth defects in South America. Given the large healthcare and financial burden of CL/P on affected families and the relatively low cost of systematic pediatric care, improving access to such care may be a cost-effective public policy intervention.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00097149">NCT00097149</a></p