Enhancement of the helium resonance lines in the solar atmosphere by suprathermal electron excitation I: non-thermal transport of helium ions

Models of the solar transition region made from lines other than those of helium cannot account for the strength of the helium lines. However, the collisional excitation rates of the helium resonance lines are unusually sensitive to the energy of the exciting electrons. Non-thermal motions in the transition region could drive slowly-ionizing helium ions rapidly through the steep temperature gradient, exposing them to excitation by electrons characteristic of higher temperatures than those describing their ionization state. We present the results of calculations which use a more physical representation of the lifetimes of the ground states of He I and He II than was adopted in earlier work on this process. New emission measure distributions are used to calculate the temperature variation with height. The results show that non-thermal motions can lead to enhancements of the He I and He II resonance line intensities by factors that are comparable with those required. Excitation by non-Maxwellian electron distributions would reduce the effects of non-thermal transport. The effects of non-thermal motions are more consistent with the observed spatial distribution of helium emission than are those of excitation by non-Maxwellian electron distributions alone. In particular, they account better for the observed line intensity ratio I(537.0 A)/I(584.3 A), and its variation with location.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, accepted to appear in MNRAS, LaTeX uses mn.st

Fiduciary Discretion

Discretion is an important feature of all contractual relationships. In this Article, we rely on incomplete contract theory to motivate our study of discretion, with particular attention to fiduciary relationships. We make two contributions to the substantial literature on fiduciary law. First, we describe the role of fiduciary law as “boundary enforcement,” and we urge courts to honor the appropriate exercise of discretion by fiduciaries, even when the beneficiary or the judge might perceive a preferable action after the fact. Second, we answer the question, how should a court define the boundaries of fiduciary discretion? We observe that courts often define these boundaries by reference to industry customs and social norms. We also defend this as the most sensible and coherent approach to boundary enforcement

Asking for a fee - even a small one - changes the way people use the outdoors, especially for those with low incomes

Is exploring nature still attractive for people when they have to pay? In new research Chase C. Lamborn and Jordan W. Smith look at the effects of a 3 charge to access hiking and biking trails in a Utah forest. They find that even a low fee meant that people on low incomes would seek cheaper or free alternatives, often ..

Fiduciary Discretion

Discretion is an important feature of all contractual relationships. In this Article, we rely on incomplete contract theory to motivate our study of discretion, with particular attention to fiduciary relationships. We make two contributions to the substantial literature on fiduciary law. First, we describe the role of fiduciary law as “boundary enforcement,” and we urge courts to honor the appropriate exercise of discretion by fiduciaries, even when the beneficiary or the judge might perceive a preferable action after the fact. Second, we answer the question, how should a court define the boundaries of fiduciary discretion? We observe that courts often define these boundaries by reference to industry customs and social norms. We also defend this as the most sensible and coherent approach to boundary enforcement

The Economic Impact of Snowmobiling in Utah

This report is an analysis of the value of snowmobiling to Utah\u27s economy, the sociodemographic composition of participants, and more

Getting Lead Off the Landscape: A Theory and Data-Driven Approach to Increase Non-Lead Ammunition Use Among Hunters in the California Condor Range of Utah (USA)

The leading cause of mortality in California condors (condors) is lead poisoning, which occurs when condors ingest lead-based ammunition left in carcasses. As a critically endangered species with approximately 100 individuals remaining in the American southwest, increasing the adoption of non-lead ammunition is essential to the recovery of the species. In Utah, the Division of Wildlife Resources (DWR) uses communication with hunters as the primary tool for increasing the adoption of non-lead ammunition in southwestern Utah. In this research, we use social science theory and data collected from a survey of hunters throughout the region to develop a strategic communication framework aimed at increasing the use of non-lead ammunition among hunters. The strategic communication framework is intended to drive more specific, targeted, and effective messages regarding the use of non-lead ammunition by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources and their conservation partners

The 1997 event in the Crab pulsar revisited

A complex event observed in the radio pulses from the Crab pulsar in 1997 included echoes, a dispersive delay, and large changes in intensity. It is shown that these phenomena were due to refraction at the edge of a plasma cloud in the outer region of the Crab Nebula. Several similar events have been observed, although in less detail. It is suggested that the plasma cloud is in the form of filaments with diameter around 3 x 10^11m and electron density of order 10^4 cm-3Comment: 5 pages 4 figs Accepted by MNRA

Integrated Rig for the Production of Boron Nitride Nanotubes via the Pressurized Vapor-Condenser Method

An integrated production apparatus for production of boron nitride nanotubes via the pressure vapor-condenser method. The apparatus comprises: a pressurized reaction chamber containing a continuously fed boron containing target having a boron target tip, a source of pressurized nitrogen and a moving belt condenser apparatus; a hutch chamber proximate the pressurized reaction chamber containing a target feed system and a laser beam and optics

2021-2022 Statewide Utah Angler Survey Report

Continuing an effort that dates to 1967, we collected data through a statewide survey of licensed anglers in an effort to understand their preference and behaviors. Anglers were surveyed across the state of Utah, as well as nonresident anglers who purchased a Utah fishing license. This research was guided by objectives developed by the Division of Wildlife Resources (DWR) as and our research team at the Institute of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism at Utah State University. In the report, we provide statewide statistics and comparisons between the DWRs five management regions. The objectives and key findings are:Objective 1. Define the characteristics of Utah anglersObjective 2. Produce a snapshot of angling in Utah over a 12-month periodObjective 3. Identify what motivates Utah anglersObjective 4. Identify what fish species anglers expected to catch, caught, and prefer to catchObjective 5. Gauge anglers’ perceptions and knowledge of native and nonnative fish species in UtahObjective 6. Explore Utah anglers’ perceptions of, and experiences with, crowdingObjective 7. Identify potential areas where managers can create or promote opportunities for Utah anglers to combine recreational activities to enhance the angling experienceThe report provides tables and figures and explanations pertaining to each of the research objectives outlined above. In addition, statewide and regional statistics are provided to showcase the unique trends associated with Utah anglers and angling resources in Utah