"The MDGs and Exit Time: The Case of the Philippines "

This paper evaluates whether the Philippines will be able to halve the incidence of poverty between 1990 and 2015. Using the concept of exit time and household-level data, we found that the Philippines will be unlikely to do so.

Trade, migration, and poverty reduction in the globalizing economy: The case of the Philippines

This paper investigates how the two types of globalization—i.e., integration of international trade and emigration—affected poverty reduction in the Philippines. Using the Family Income and Expenditure Surveys from 1985 to 2000, we found that both nontransfer and transfer incomes decreased poverty significantly but transfer income exerted greater impact. External openness reduced poverty significantly before the Asian currency crises but its impact had been reversed since. The effect of land reform in inducing transfer income from abroad was significant only in the 1990s. Yet, the ultra poor were bypassed in the land reform-credit-emigration-transfer nexus. – poverty ; globalization ; migration ; Millennium Development Goal

Land and schooling

"The authors address questions such as: (1) how do parents allocate land and education between sons and daughters? (2) how do changing returns to land and human capital affect parents' investments in children? (3) what do gender differences in land and schooling mean for the welfare of men and women? (4) is gender equity compatible with efficiency and growth? The book is based on intensive household surveys in Ghana, Indonesia, and the Philippines." From TextSex discrimination against women Developing countries. ,Agricultural laborers ,

Women, Schooling, and Marriage in Rural Philippines

Using data from the Bicol region of the Phillipines, we examine why women are more educated than men in a rural, agricultural economy in which women are significantly less likely than men to participate in the labor market. We hypothesize that educational homogamy in the marriage market and cross-productivity effects in the household allow Filipino women to reap substantial benefits from schooling regardless of whether they enter the labor market. Our estimates reveal that the return to schooling for women is approximately 20 percent in both labor and marriage markets. In comparison, men experience a 12 percent return to schooling in the labor market. By using birth order, sibship size, percent of male siblings, and parental education as instruments, we correct for a significant downward bias that is caused by the endogeneity of schooling attainment

Government programs have begun to reduce maternal deaths in Lao PDR : now what comes next?

For more about the East-West Center, see http://www.eastwestcenter.org/Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) has the highest maternal mortality ratio in Southeast Asia, with 197 women dying in 2015 from causes related to pregnancy or childbirth for every 100,000 live births. Most of these deaths could be prevented. Mortality is highest among women who are poor, who live in remote rural areas, who have little or no education, and who belong to ethnic minorities. To save women's lives, the Laotian government needs to do three things: increase funding to the health sector; train and employ more healthcare professionals; and provide more supplies and equipment to clinics and hospitals. This issue of the East-West Wire is based on a seminar that Dr. Estudillo presented at the East-West Center on 19 January 2018. A video of the seminar is available on the Center's website

Income inequality in the Philippines, 1961-91 : trends and factors

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-208).Microfiche.ix, 208 leaves, bound map 29 cmBased on the Family Income and Expenditures Surveys from 1961 to 1991, we have found that except for a sharp decline in 1985, the Philippines is characterized by a high degree and fairly stable income inequality. Eight possible explanations for the aggregate trends were examined: the increasing proportion of (I) urban, (2) female-headed, (3) elderly-headed and (4) college-headed households, (5) shift of household population to skill-intensive jobs, (6) the rise in wage income inequality, (7) increasing inequality in the distribution of agricultural landholdings, and (8) introduction of new rice technology. The slight decline in inequality from 1965 to 1971 is accounted for largely by the decline in "within-group" inequalities although Factor (5) has contributed, albeit minimally. From 1971 to 1985, the remarkable improvement in inequality is contributed substantially by the decrease in "within-group" inequalities whose favorable impact on the distribution of income overwhelmed the inequality-increasing influence of Factors (1), (2), (3), and (4) and the increase in income gap between college-headed households and the zero-education household group. The increase in inequality from 1985 to 1991 is explained by the increase in "within-group" inequalities, by Factors (1), (4), and (5), by the increase in income gap between rural and urban, between professionals and agricultural, and between college-headed and zero-education households, and by Factor (6), the general rise in wage income inequalities. Factors (7) and (8) were responsible for the decline in agricultural household income inequality from 197! to 1991. The income concentrating effect of land concentration declined due to the spread of new rice technology, the implementation of land reform and the emergence of off-farm employment. The introduction of the new rice technology improved the distribution of income by increasing the amount of output accruing to hired labor and tenants vis-à-vis the landlord

Green revolution, human capital, and off-farm employment: changing sources of income among farm households in central Luzon, 1966-1994

PRISI; IFPRI3FCN

across GenerationsLand Schooling Transferring Wealth across Generations

In rural societies, passing down land and providing an education are the main ways parents assure the future welfare of their children. If, however, parents educate their sons and not their daughters and only sons inherit land, women will be worse off compared to men. Is the distribution of income and welfare between men and women changing? While many studies have documented that education of women is increasing in developing countries, evidence on changes in women's land rights is scarce. Knowing how men and women acquire land and human capital is key to allocating scarce resources and planning for a better future. The authors of this book identify the factors affecting land inheritance and schooling across generation