Analyse des variants de séquence et d'épissage du gène FANCC chez les familles canadiennes-françaises à risque élevé pour le cancer du sein et/ou de l'ovaire

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2010-2011Les gènes de susceptibilité connus n'expliquent qu'environ 25% des cas de cancer du sein familiaux. La recherche de nouveaux gènes de susceptibilité s'avère donc primordiale. Les gènes de la famille FANC sont des candidats intéressants, car au moins quatre gènes FANC ont été associés à un risque accru de cancer du sein. Le gène FANCC se démarque également par sa localisation principalement cytoplasmique et ses rôles dans diverses voies dans ce compartiment. Le séquençage des exons et des régions introniques avoisinantes ont permis d'identifier six variants, dont deux semblent intéressants. c.816G>A mène à un changement d'acide aminé pouvant affecter la fonction de FANCC alors que le variant c.896+81G>A se retrouve plus fréquemment chez les cas de cancer du sein par rapport à une cohorte de femmes non atteintes. L'analyse de l'ADN complémentaire (ADNc) a permis d'identifier trois variants d'épissage dont un jamais rapporté. L'impact de ces variants sur la fonction de la protéine FANCC demeure très peu étudié

Développement de nouveaux outils pour l'intégration des données du ChIP-Seq et leurs applications pour l'étude du contrôle de la transcription

Les progrès fulgurants des technologies de séquençage permettent de développer des projets de recherche très complexes. De plus, les consortiums internationaux tels qu’ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics et Fantom offrent publiquement de vastes jeux de donnés à la communauté scientifique. Ainsi, mon projet de recherche au doctorat a pour but de développer de nouvelles approches bioinformatiques afin d’analyser efficacement les données génomiques de type ChIP-Seq pour cibler les changements dans les patrons d’interactions entre les protéines et l’ADN. De nouveaux outils R tels ENCODExplorer et FantomTSS ont donc été développés afin de faciliter l’intégration des données publiques. De plus, l’outil metagene, développé dans le cadre de mon doctorat, permet de comparer les patrons d’enrichissement des protéines interagissant avec l’ADN. Il extrait efficacement la couverture des régions génomiques, normalise le signal et d’utilise les contrôles pour retirer le bruit de fond. Il produit des graphiques pour comparer visuellement les facteurs et conditions et offre des outils statistiques pour cibler les profils significativement différents. Afin de valider mon approche expérimentale, j’ai analysé une centaine de jeux de données de ChIP-Seq de la lignée GM12878 pour étudier les profils d’enrichissement au niveau des amplificateurs et des promoteurs en fonction de leur activité transcriptionnelle. Cette étude a ciblé deux modes de recrutement distincts, soit l’effet gradient et l’effet seuil. Face à la complexité et la quantité de données disponibles, il est essentiel de développer de nouvelles approches méthodologiques et statistiques afin d’améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes biologiques. ENCODExplorer et metagene sont disponibles sur Bioconductor.Recent progress in sequencing technologies opened the possibility of performing very complex research experiments. Combined with the vast public datasets produced by intenational consortiums such as ENCODE, Roadmap Epigenomics and Fantoms, the amount of data to process can be daunting. The goal of my doctoral project is to develop new bioinformatic approaches to facilitate the integration of ChIP-Seq data for the study of the dynamic of the interactions between proteins and DNA. New tools such as ENCODExplorer and FantomTSS were developped in R to make the publicly available datasets easier to integrate. Futhermore, the metagene package allows the comparison of enrichment patterns of DNA-interacting proteins. This package efficiently extracts read coverage from genomic regions of interest, normalize the signal and uses controls to remove background noise. The main functionnality of the metagene package is to visually compare enrichment profiles from multiple groups of genomic regions and to offer statistical tools to caracterize and compare those profiles. To validate my experimental approach, I used over a hundred datasets from the GM12878 cell line produced by the ENCODE consortium to study the enrichment profiles of transcription factors and histones in enhnacer and promoter regions. I was able to define two distinct recruitment patterns: the gradient effect and the threshold effect. With the ever growing complexity of genomic datasets, it is essential to develop new methodotical approaches to allow a better understanding of the underlying biological processes. ENCODExplorer and metagene are both available on Bioconductor

Date 2014-03-31

Title Interfaces the tandem protein identification algorithm in

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM -/- patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

Variations in the NBN/NBS1 gene and the risk of breast cancer in non-BRCA1/2 French Canadian families with high risk of breast cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome is a chromosomal instability disorder characterized by microcephaly, growth retardation, immunodeficiency, and increased frequency of cancers. Familial studies on relatives of these patients indicated that they also appear to be at increased risk of cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In a candidate gene study aiming at identifying genetic determinants of breast cancer susceptibility, we undertook the full sequencing of the <it>NBN </it>gene in our cohort of 97 high-risk non-<it>BRCA1 </it>and -<it>BRCA2 </it>breast cancer families, along with 74 healthy unrelated controls, also from the French Canadian population. <it>In silico </it>programs (ESEfinder, NNSplice, Splice Site Finder and MatInspector) were used to assess the putative impact of the variants identified. The effect of the promoter variant was further studied by luciferase gene reporter assay in MCF-7, HEK293, HeLa and LNCaP cell lines.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-four variants were identified in our case series and their frequency was further evaluated in healthy controls. The potentially deleterious p.Ile171Val variant was observed in one case only. The p.Arg215Trp variant, suggested to impair NBN binding to histone γ-H2AX, was observed in one breast cancer case and one healthy control. A promoter variant c.-242-110delAGTA displayed a significant variation in frequency between both sample sets. Luciferase reporter gene assay of the promoter construct bearing this variant did not suggest a variation of expression in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, but indicated a reduction of luciferase expression in both the HEK293 and LNCaP cell lines.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our analysis of <it>NBN </it>sequence variations indicated that potential <it>NBN </it>alterations are present, albeit at a low frequency, in our cohort of high-risk breast cancer cases. Further analyses will be needed to fully ascertain the exact impact of those variants on breast cancer susceptibility, in particular for variants located in <it>NBN </it>promoter region.</p

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM -/- patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer

Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors

Complexity of the microRNA transcriptome of cow milk and milk-derived extracellular vesicles isolated via differential ultracentrifugation

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small gene-regulatory noncoding RNA that are highly enriched in cow milk. They are encapsulated in different extracellular vesicle (EV) subsets that protect them from the extracellular milieu and the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract during digestion. Here, we isolated pellets enriched in 4 different EV subsets, via differential ultracentrifugation of commercial cow milk: 12,000 × g (P12K), 35,000 × g (P35K), 70,000 × g (P70K), and 100,000 × g (P100K). Small RNA sequencing (sRNA-Seq) analyses revealed an unprecedented level of diversity in the complete miRNA repertoire and features of unfractionated cow milk and derived EV subsets. Although 5 miRNA sequences represented more than 50% of all miRNAs, milk EV exhibited heterogeneous content of miRNAs and isomeric variants (termed isomiR): P100K EV were enriched in reference miRNA sequences, and P12K and P35K EV in related isomiR. Incubation of milk EV with human cultured HeLa cells led to cellular enrichment in miRNA miR-223, which was concomitant with decreased expression of a reporter gene placed under the control of miR-223, thereby demonstrating the functionality of miR-223. These results suggest that cow milk EV may transfer their miRNAs to human cells and regulate recipient cell gene expression programming in a manner as complex as that of their miRNA transcriptome. The biological activity and relevance of the different milk EV subsets and bioactive mediators, including small noncoding RNA, in health and disease, warrants further investigation

The Ovulatory Signal Precipitates LRH-1 Transcriptional Switching Mediated by Differential Chromatin Accessibility

In the ovary, follicular growth and maturation are complicated processes that involve a series of morphological and physiological changes in oocytes and somatic cells leading to ovulation and luteinization, essential processes for fertility. Given the complexity of ovulation, characterization of genomewide regulatory elements is essential to understand the mechanisms governing the expression of specific genes in the rapidly differentiating follicle. We therefore employed a systems biology approach to determine global transcriptional mechanisms during the early stages of the ovulatory process. We demonstrate that, following the hormonal signal that initiates ovulation, granulosa cells undergo major modification of distal regulatory elements, which coincides with cistrome reprogramming of the indispensable orphan nuclear receptor liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1). This cistromic reorganization correlates with the extensive changes in gene expression in granulosa cells leading to ovulation. Together, our study yields a highly detailed transcriptional map delineating ovarian cell differentiation during the initiation of ovulation