14 research outputs found

    Genetic studies in Faidherbia albida

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    Fonctionnement hydrique et profondeur de prélèvement de l'eau de Faidherbia albida dans un parc agroforestier soudanien

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    International audienceinversée, qui soulève de nombreuses questions relatives à sa stratégie d'utilisation de l'eau. Le fonctionnement hydrique d'arbres adultes a été enregistré en parc agroforestier (Dossi, Burkina Faso, 924 mm de pluies). Les racines de F. albida plongeaient profondément, colonisaient les horizons les mieux alimentés en eau, et s'interrompaient au voisinage de la nappe (-7,5 m). Au plus fort de la saison sèche, le potentiel hydrique des horizons colonisés par les racines est modérément descendu, jusqu'à des valeurs de -0,4 MPa, ce qui concordait avec les valeurs minimales de potentiel hydrique foliaires de base (-0,5 MPa). Ceci indique que les arbres connaissaient des déficits hydriques relativement modérés au cours de la saison sèche. La comparaison de la composition isotopique en oxygène (delta 18O) du sol, de la sève et de la nappe, a montré que la nappe contribuait majoritairement à la consommation en eau des arbres au cours de la saison sèche. Toutefois, après le retour des pluies, les arbres ont pu prélever en surface. Ceci était cohérent avec la remontée simultanée des potentiels hydriques de base. Les F. albida ont montré de fortes transpirations en début de saison sèche, jusqu'à 400 litres par jour pour un arbre de 70 cm de diamètre de tronc. La surface foliaire a peu varié au cours de la saison sèche, mais le flux de sève rapporté à l'ETP (F/ETP) et la conductance hydraulique sol-feuilles (gL) ont chuté de 50%. En conséquence, les arbres ont fermé leurs stomates, en raison de leur sensibilité aux variations (modérées) de disponibilité en eau du sol, et/ou à l'augmentation du déficit de saturation de l'air (VPD). La croissance a ralenti, puis s'est interrompue en fin de saison sèche : elle a donc pu être affectée par la sécheresse... (D'après résumé d'auteur

    Migration of crystals during the filling of semi-solid castings

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    In cold-chamber high-pressure die castings (HPDC), the microstructure consists of coarse externally solidified crystals (ESCs) that are commonly observed in the central region of cross sections. In the present work, controlled laboratory scale casting experiments have been conducted with particular emphasis on the flow and solidification conditions. An A356 aluminum alloy was used to produce castings by pouring semi-solid metal through a steel die. Microstructures similar to those encountered in HPDC have been produced and the resulting microstructure is found to depend on the melt and die temperature: (1) the fraction of ESCs determines the extent of migration to the central region; (2) a maximum packing determines the area fraction of ESCs in the center; and (3) the die temperature affects the position of the ESCs-a higher die temperature can induce a displaced ESC distribution. It is found that the n-figration of crystals to the central region requires a flow, which is constrained at all melt/die interfaces. Furthermore, potential lift mechanisms are discussed. An assessment of the Saffman lift force on individual particles shows it has no significant effect on the migration of ESCs

    Seed exchange networks for agrobiodiversity conservation. A review

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    The circulation of seed among farmers is central to agrobiodiversity conservation and dynamics. Agrobiodiversity, the diversity of agricultural systems from genes to varieties and crop species, from farming methods to landscape composition, is part of humanity�s cultural heritage. Whereas agrobiodiversity conservation has received much attention from researchers and policy makers over the last decades, the methods available to study the role of seed exchange networks in preserving crop biodiversity have only recently begun to be considered. In this overview, we present key concepts, methods, and challenges to better understand seed exchange networks so as to improve the chances that traditional crop varieties (landraces) will be preserved and used sustainably around the world. The available literature suggests that there is insufficient knowledge about the social, cultural, and methodological dimensions of environmental change, including how seed exchange networks will cope with changes in climates, socio-economic factors, and family structures that have supported seed exchange systems to date. Methods available to study the role of seed exchange networks in the preservation and adaptation of crop specific and genetic diversity range from meta-analysis to modelling, from participatory approaches to the development of bio-indicators, from genetic to biogeographical studies, from anthropological and ethnographic research to the use of network theory. We advocate a diversity of approaches, so as to foster the creation of robust and policy-relevant knowledge. Open challenges in the study of the role of seed exchange networks in biodiversity conservation include the development of methods to (i) enhance farmers� participation to decision-making in agro-ecosystems, (ii) integrate ex situ and in situ approaches, (iii) achieve interdisciplinary research collaboration between social and natural scientists, and (iv) use network analysis as a conceptual framework to bridge boundaries among researchers, farmers and policy makers, as well as other stakeholders
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