Gender Differences in Willingness to Compete: Experimental Evidence from Bosnia

Abstract: This research examines gender differences in willingness to compete with differing incentives . The results of previous experiments show that women are significantly less competitive, even when they perform equally well as men. However, in these experiments cash was the only incentive provided. Therefore, we investigate what happens to gender differences in willingness to compete when we switch the incentive from cash to non-cash prize. Similar to Cassar, Whordofa, and Zhang (2016) who found that women become equally competitive as men when incentive is related to wellbeing of their children, we find that the gender gap in competitiveness still exists when a gender neutral incentive is offered, but women are significantly more willing to compete at significantly higher rates for a gender-specific cosmetic store voucher relative to cash

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Research Output of Croatian Universities from 1996 to 2004, Registered by the Science Citation Index-Expanded

The paper aims at assessing the research output of scientists working in "hard sciences" at six Croatian Univeristies (Dubrovnik, Osijek, Rijeka, Split, Zadar and Zagreb). The data obtained may serve as the starting point for further follow-up and in-depth studies of research performance at Croatian universities. This can be particularly relevant for implementation of the Bologna Process in Croatia. The methodology of the Academic Ranking of World Universities (2004) was applied (http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2004/Methodology.htm). The number of papers published from 1996 to 2004, registered in the WoS-Science Citation Index-Expanded, authored by scientists from the six Croatian universities, was enumerated. Also, highly cited authors, authors of articles published in Nature and Science, Nobel Prize and Fields Medal winners were sought among these scientists. It was found that scientists at the Croatian universities produced 7527 of the total of 11068 articles authored by Croatian scientists. Of the six universities, the University of Zagreb was more productive than the remaining five. There were no highly cited authors, Nobel Laureates or Fields Medal winners from Croatia. One of 14 authors of an article in Science was from a Croatian university. Also, a letter on science policy, appearing in Nature, had one of two authors from Croatia. It can be concluded that scientists performing research in "hard sciences" at six universities in Croatia contributed about 68 % of all the articles published by Croatian scientists. University of Zagreb was the most productive.universities, ranking, Croatian universities, scientific productivity, bibliometric study

ekoNET - Environmental Monitoring using Low-cost Sensors for Detecting Gases, Particulate Matter and Meteorological Parameters

This paper presents the environmental monitoring solution ekoNET, developed for a real-time monitoring of air pollution and other atmospheric condition parameters such as temperature, air pressure and humidity. The system is based on low-cost gas, PM and meteorological sensors providing cost-efficient, simple to deploy, use and maintain solution targeted for the usage within the Internet of Things domain of smart cities and smart enterprises. The paper gives an overview of the system architecture, encompassing the ekoNET device, back-end cloud infrastructure, data handling and visualization engine as well as the application-level components and modules. Furthermore, initial field trial data of twelve ekoNET devices is presented, enabling the overall system operation performance testing.International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing., 8th International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS), Jul 02-04, 2014, Birmingham City Univ, Birmingham, Englan

International Social Survey Programme: Role of Government IV - ISSP 2006

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about political attitudes and the role of government.Attitude to compliance with law; attitudes to various forms of protest against the government; views regarding freedom of speech for extremists; attitude to justice error; attitudes towards state intervention in the economy; attitude to increased government spending for environmental protection, public health system, the police, education system, defense, pensions, unemployment benefits, culture and arts; attitude to welfare state and responsibility for jobs, price control, health care, decent standard of living, economic growth, reduction of income differences, support for students, housing supply and protection of environment; political interest; rating the government performance in providing health care and living standards as well as dealing with country`s security threats, controlling crime, fighting unemployment and protecting environment; attitude towards surveillance measures of the authorities in case of security challenges; political efficacy; trust in politicians and civil servants; assessment of tax equity with various income groups; trust in people; being treated fairly by public officials; treatment by public officials depends on personal contact; perceived amount of politicians and public officials involved in corruption; how often asked for bribe by public officials; number of persons respondent is in contact with per week. Demography: sex; age; marital status; steady life partner; years of schooling; highest education level; country specific education and degree; current employment status (respondent and partner); hours worked weekly; occupation (ISCO 1988) (respondent and partner); supervising function at work; working for private or public sector or self-employed (respondent and partner); if self-employed: number of employees; trade union membership; earnings of respondent (country specific); family income (country specific); size of household; household composition; party affiliation (left-right); country specific party affiliation; participation in last election; religious denomination; religious main groups; attendance of religious services; self-placement on a top-bottom scale; region (country specific); size of community (country specific); type of community: urban-rural area; country of origin or ethnic group affiliation. Additionally coded: administrative mode of data-collection; weight.Das International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ist ein länderübergreifendes, fortlaufendes Umfrageprogramm, das jährlich Erhebungen zu Themen durchführt, die für die Sozialwissenschaften wichtig sind. Das Programm begann 1984 mit vier Gründungsmitgliedern - Australien, Deutschland, Großbritannien und den Vereinigten Staaten - und ist inzwischen auf fast 50 Mitgliedsländer aus aller Welt angewachsen. Da die Umfragen auf Replikationen ausgelegt sind, können die Daten sowohl für länder- als auch für zeitübergreifende Vergleiche genutzt werden. Jedes ISSP-Modul konzentriert sich auf ein bestimmtes Thema, das in regelmäßigen Zeitabständen wiederholt wird. Details zur Durchführung der nationalen ISSP-Umfragen entnehmen Sie bitte der Dokumentation. Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf Fragen zu politischen Einstellungen und der Rolle der Regierung.Einstellung zur Befolgung von Gesetzen (Gesetzestreue); Einstellung zu verschiedenen Protestformen gegen die Regierung; Ansichten bezüglich der Meinungsfreiheit für Extremisten; Einstellung zu einem Justizirrtum; Einstellung zu wirtschaftssteuernden Interventionen der Regierung durch Subventionen oder Änderung von Rahmenbedingungen (Skala); Einstellung zur Erhöhung von Regierungsausgaben für Umweltschutz, Gesundheitswesen, Polizei und Strafverfolgung, Bildungswesen, Verteidigung, Renten, Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Kultur und Kunst; Einstellung zum Wohlfahrtsstaat: Einschätzung der staatlichen Verantwortlichkeit für sozialpolitische Aufgaben (Absicherung von Arbeitsplätzen, Sicherung des Lebensstandards für alte und kranke Menschen sowie Studenten, Preisstabilität, Wirtschaftswachstum durch Hilfen an die Industrie, Wohnungsversorgung, Einkommensangleichung etc.); Issue-Kompetenz der Regierung in den Bereichen Gesundheitswesen, Altersversorgung, Sicherheit, Verbrechensbekämpfung, Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit und Umweltschutz; Einstellung zu ausgewählten staatlichen Überwachungsmaßnahmen bei Verdacht auf einen Terroranschlag; Politikinteresse; generelle Einstellung zur Politik; Einschätzung der politischen Wirksamkeit (efficacy), der eigenen politischen nformiertheit und Vertrauen zu Politikern und zu Staatsbediensteten (Skala); Einschätzung der Steuergerechtigkeit bezogen auf verschiedene Einkommensgruppen; Vertrauen zu den Mitmenschen; Befragter kann wichtige Entscheidungen zugunsten anderer beeinflussen bzw. Befragter ist jemand, der um Einflussnahme bittet; Einschätzung einer fairen Behandlung durch Beamte; Abhängigkeit der Behandlung durch Beamte von persönlichen Beziehungen; Einschätzung des Anteils korrupter Politiker und Beamter im eigenen Land; Häufigkeit von persönlich erlebter Anfrage von Bestechungsgeldern durch öffentliche Bedienstete; Anzahl der Kontaktpersonen pro Woche. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Anzahl Schuljahre; Schulbildung; Beschäftigungsstatus des Befragten sowie des Partners; Wochenarbeitsstunden; Beruf (ILO/ISCO 1988) des Befragten und des Partners sowie Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Sektor; selbständige Beschäftigung; Anzahl der Beschäftigten; Vorgesetztenstatus; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Parteipräferenz ; Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Wahl; Konfession; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Selbsteinstufung der Schichtzugehörigkeit (Oben-Unten-Skala); Region; Ortsgröße; Urbanisierungsgrad; ethnische oder nationale Zugehörigkeit bzw. Herkunft. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Erhebungsmethode; Gewichtungsfaktor

International Social Survey Programme: Role of Government IV - ISSP 2006

Die Rolle des Staates. Themen: Einstellung zur Befolgung von Gesetzen (Gesetzestreue); Einstellung zu verschiedenen Protestformen gegen die Regierung; Ansichten bezüglich der Meinungsfreiheit für Extremisten; Einstellung zu einem Justizirrtum; Einstellung zu wirtschaftssteuernden Interventionen der Regierung durch Subventionen oder Änderung von Rahmenbedingungen (Skala); Einstellung zur Erhöhung von Regierungsausgaben für Umweltschutz, Gesundheitswesen, Polizei und Strafverfolgung, Bildungswesen, Verteidigung, Renten, Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Kultur und Kunst; Einstellung zum Wohlfahrtsstaat: Einschätzung der staatlichen Verantwortlichkeit für sozialpolitische Aufgaben (Absicherung von Arbeitsplätzen, Sicherung des Lebensstandards für alte und kranke Menschen sowie Studenten, Preisstabilität, Wirtschaftswachstum durch Hilfen an die Industrie, Wohnungsversorgung, Einkommensangleichung etc.); Issue-Kompetenz der Regierung in den Bereichen Gesundheitswesen, Altersversorgung, Sicherheit, Verbrechensbekämpfung, Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit und Umweltschutz; Einstellung zu ausgewählten staatlichen Überwachungsmaßnahmen bei Verdacht auf einen Terroranschlag; Politikinteresse; generelle Einstellung zur Politik; Einschätzung der politischen Wirksamkeit (efficacy), der eigenen politischen Informiertheit und Vertrauen zu Politikern und zu Staatsbediensteten (Skala); Einschätzung der Steuergerechtigkeit bezogen auf verschiedene Einkommensgruppen; Vertrauen zu den Mitmenschen; Befragter kann wichtige Entscheidungen zugunsten anderer beeinflussen bzw. Befragter ist jemand, der um Einflussnahme bittet; Einschätzung einer fairen Behandlung durch Beamte; Abhängigkeit der Behandlung durch Beamte von persönlichen Beziehungen; Einschätzung des Anteils korrupter Politiker und Beamter im eigenen Land; Häufigkeit von persönlich erlebter Anfrage von Bestechungsgeldern durch öffentliche Bedienstete; Anzahl der Kontaktpersonen pro Woche. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Anzahl Schuljahre; Schulbildung; Beschäftigungsstatus des Befragten sowie des Partners; Wochenarbeitsstunden; Beruf (ILO/ISCO 1988) des Befragten und des Partners sowie Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Sektor; selbständige Beschäftigung; Anzahl der Beschäftigten; Vorgesetztenstatus; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Einkommen; Haushaltseinkommen; Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung; Parteipräferenz ; Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Wahl; Konfession; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Selbsteinstufung der Schichtzugehörigkeit (Oben-Unten-Skala); Region; Ortsgröße; Urbanisierungsgrad; ethnische oder nationale Zugehörigkeit bzw. Herkunft. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Erhebungsmethode; Gewichtungsfaktor

International Social Survey Programme: Role of Government IV - ISSP 2006

The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) is a continuous programme of cross-national collaboration running annual surveys on topics important for the social sciences. The programme started in 1984 with four founding members - Australia, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States – and has now grown to almost 50 member countries from all over the world. As the surveys are designed for replication, they can be used for both, cross-national and cross-time comparisons. Each ISSP module focuses on a specific topic, which is repeated in regular time intervals. Please, consult the documentation for details on how the national ISSP surveys are fielded. The present study focuses on questions about Role of Government: political attitudes and the role of government

Poor timing and failure of source control are risk factors for mortality in critically ill patients with secondary peritonitis

Purpose: To describe data on epidemiology, microbiology, clinical characteristics and outcome of adult patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) with secondary peritonitis, with special emphasis on antimicrobial therapy and source control. Methods: Post hoc analysis of a multicenter observational study (Abdominal Sepsis Study, AbSeS) including 2621 adult ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection in 306 ICUs from 42 countries. Time-till-source control intervention was calculated as from time of diagnosis and classified into 'emergency' (< 2 h), 'urgent' (2-6 h), and 'delayed' (> 6 h). Relationships were assessed by logistic regression analysis and reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The cohort included 1077 cases of microbiologically confirmed secondary peritonitis. Mortality was 29.7%. The rate of appropriate empiric therapy showed no difference between survivors and non-survivors (66.4% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.1). A stepwise increase in mortality was observed with increasing Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (19.6% for a value ≤ 4-55.4% for a value > 12, p < 0.001). The highest odds of death were associated with septic shock (OR 3.08 [1.42-7.00]), late-onset hospital-acquired peritonitis (OR 1.71 [1.16-2.52]) and failed source control evidenced by persistent inflammation at day 7 (OR 5.71 [3.99-8.18]). Compared with 'emergency' source control intervention (< 2 h of diagnosis), 'urgent' source control was the only modifiable covariate associated with lower odds of mortality (OR 0.50 [0.34-0.73]). Conclusion: 'Urgent' and successful source control was associated with improved odds of survival. Appropriateness of empirical antimicrobial treatment did not significantly affect survival suggesting that source control is more determinative for outcome

Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: "AbSeS", a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project

Purpose To describe the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection in an international cohort of ICU patients according to a new system that classifies cases according to setting of infection acquisition (community-acquired, early onset hospital-acquired, and late-onset hospital-acquired), anatomical disruption (absent or present with localized or diffuse peritonitis), and severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, and septic shock). Methods We performed a multicenter (n = 309), observational, epidemiological study including adult ICU patients diagnosed with intra-abdominal infection. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results The cohort included 2621 patients. Setting of infection acquisition was community-acquired in 31.6%, early onset hospital-acquired in 25%, and late-onset hospital-acquired in 43.4% of patients. Overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 26.3% and difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria 4.3%, with great variation according to geographic region. No difference in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed according to setting of infection acquisition. Overall mortality was 29.1%. Independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, septic shock, older age, malnutrition, liver failure, congestive heart failure, antimicrobial resistance (either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria) and source control failure evidenced by either the need for surgical revision or persistent inflammation. Conclusion This multinational, heterogeneous cohort of ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection revealed that setting of infection acquisition, anatomical disruption, and severity of disease expression are disease-specific phenotypic characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of the type of infection. Antimicrobial resistance is equally common in community-acquired as in hospital-acquired infection

Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection and sepsis in critically ill patients: "AbSeS", a multinational observational cohort study and ESICM Trials Group Project

PURPOSE: To describe the epidemiology of intra-abdominal infection in an international cohort of ICU patients according to a new system that classifies cases according to setting of infection acquisition (community-acquired, early onset hospital-acquired, and late-onset hospital-acquired), anatomical disruption (absent or present with localized or diffuse peritonitis), and severity of disease expression (infection, sepsis, and septic shock). METHODS: We performed a multicenter (n = 309), observational, epidemiological study including adult ICU patients diagnosed with intra-abdominal infection. Risk factors for mortality were assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The cohort included 2621 patients. Setting of infection acquisition was community-acquired in 31.6%, early onset hospital-acquired in 25%, and late-onset hospital-acquired in 43.4% of patients. Overall prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was 26.3% and difficult-to-treat resistant Gram-negative bacteria 4.3%, with great variation according to geographic region. No difference in prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was observed according to setting of infection acquisition. Overall mortality was 29.1%. Independent risk factors for mortality included late-onset hospital-acquired infection, diffuse peritonitis, sepsis, septic shock, older age, malnutrition, liver failure, congestive heart failure, antimicrobial resistance (either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, or carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria) and source control failure evidenced by either the need for surgical revision or persistent inflammation. CONCLUSION: This multinational, heterogeneous cohort of ICU patients with intra-abdominal infection revealed that setting of infection acquisition, anatomical disruption, and severity of disease expression are disease-specific phenotypic characteristics associated with outcome, irrespective of the type of infection. Antimicrobial resistance is equally common in community-acquired as in hospital-acquired infection.status: publishe