Pragmatic evaluation of the Go2Play Active Play intervention on physical activity and fundamental movement skills in children

Active play is a novel approach to addressing low physical activity levels and fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children. This study aimed to determine if a new school-based, ‘Go2Play Active Play’ intervention improved school day physical activity and FMS. This was a pragmatic evaluation conducted in Scotland during 2015–16. Participants (n = 172; mean age = 7 years) were recruited from seven primary schools taking part in the 5-month intervention, plus 24 participants not receiving the intervention were recruited to act as a comparison group.189 participants had physical activity measured using an Actigraph GT3X accelerometer at baseline and again at follow-up 5 months later. A sub-sample of participants from the intervention (n = 102) and comparison (n = 21) groups had their FMS assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) at baseline and follow-up. Changes in school day physical activity and FMS variables were examined using repeated measures ANOVA. The main effect was ‘group’ on ‘time’ from baseline to follow-up. Results indicated there was a significant interaction for mean counts per minute and percent time in sedentary behavior, light intensity physical activity and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (all p < 0.01) for school day physical activity. There was a significant interaction for gross motor quotient (GMQ) score (p = 0.02) and percentile (p = 0.04), locomotor skills score and percentile (both p = 0.02), but no significant interaction for object control skills score (p = 0.1) and percentile (p = 0.3). The Go2Play Active Play intervention may be a promising way of improving physical activity and FMS but this needs to be confirmed in an RCT

A systematic evaluation of physical activity and diet policies in Scotland : results from the 2021 Active Healthy Kids Report Card

Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the stakeholders who appraised and provided feedback on the policy evaluation and grade (within the Report Card) prior to publication of the Report Card.Peer reviewe

Results from Scotland's 2018 report card on physical activity for children and youth

Previous Active Healthy Kids Scotland Report Cards from 2013 and 2016 (www.activehealthykidsscotland.co.uk) demonstrated that only a small minority of Scottish school-aged children and adolescents meet the recommended amount of daily moderate-tovigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA; ≥60 minutes). These low levels of MVPA occur despite a favorable physical and policy environment in Scotland. Previous report cards also identified major limitations in surveillance of physical activity and related behaviors in Scotland. The aim of this short paper is to (a) summarize the Scottish grades included in the Global Matrix 3.0 (www.activehealthykids.org) and (b) highlight the continuing limitations in surveillance of physical activity among children and adolescents in Scotland

An active play intervention to improve physical activity and fundamental movement skills in children of low socio-economic status:Feasibility cluster randomised controlled trial

Introduction: Active play is a novel approach to addressing low physical activity levels and fundamental movement skills (FMS) in childhood and new interventions must be developed and evaluated. Aim: This study aimed to determine the feasibility of a 10-week school-based 'active play' intervention, and present preliminary findings on four outcomes: physical activity levels, FMS, inhibition, and maths fluency. Methods: This was a feasibility cluster RCT in which eight schools (one primary three class per school) were paired and randomly allocated to either the 10-week intervention ( n  = 4) or waiting-list control ( n  = 4). The active play intervention consisted of a 1-h outdoor physical activity session per week, incorporating 30 min of facilitated games and 30 min of free play. Feasibility measures were gathered using appropriate methods and physical activity was measured using an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer, FMS were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), inhibition was measured using a Flanker Test and maths fluency was assessed using the One Minute Basic Number Facts Test. Results: Sixty-six percent of eligible children ( n  = 137) agreed to participate in the research. No schools withdrew from the study and three participants were lost to follow-up. Compliance to the intervention was high-none of the participants missed more than two of the ten scheduled active play sessions. Data lost to follow-up were minimal; most were lost (14%) for school day physical activity. Active play sessions were shorter than planned on average by 10 min, and participants spent a mean of 39.4% (14.2) of the session time in moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA). There was preliminary evidence of a small intervention effect on MVPA ( d  = 0.3), FMS score ( d  = 0.4), inhibition (fish trial: d  = 0.1, arrow trial d  = 0.1) and maths fluency (addition: d  = 0.3, subtraction: d  = 0.1). Conclusion: The active play intervention was feasible and benefitted from a relatively high MVPA content; however, preliminary findings suggest the intervention had a small effect on the outcomes. Having more active play sessions per week and/or extending the duration of the intervention may increase the effects and these should be tested before a future definitive cluster RCT is undertaken. Trial registration: This trial was registered on the International Standardised Randomised Controlled Trials Number register (ISRCTN) in August 2017 (ISRCTN11607781)

A qualitative study of parental strategies to enable pre-school children’s outdoor and nature experiences during COVID-19 restrictions

Outdoor and nature experiences including play have been shown to be beneficial for children's physical, cognitive, social and emotional development. Parents/carers play an important role in encouraging or impeding their child's access to the outdoor environment and participation in outdoor play. The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions on free movement and social interactions placed an unprecedented pressure on families to manage the drastic change in their daily routines. This paper reports findings from two combined data sets generated in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic and provides a deeper understanding of the interconnected nature of how contextual factors influence parenting processes and outcomes relating to young children's outdoor and nature experiences and subsequent child health. Findings have the potential to inform the messaging of existing outdoor play policies and the content of new interventions aiming to promote the exposure of children to the natural outdoor environment

Objectively Measured Sedentary Time in Children and Their Parents

Background: No studies have examined associations in objectively measured sedentary time between parents and young people using activPAL posture sensors, which provide a more accurate estimate of sedentary time compared to accelerometer-based devices. This study examines patterns and associations of activPAL measured sedentary time and number of sedentary breaks on weekdays and weekend days in preschool (2–4 yrs), primary (5–11 yrs) and secondary school aged children (12–17 yrs) and their parents. Methods: 51 parents (16 M, 35 F; mean age 39 (+/-8) yrs) and 51 children (28 M, 23 F; mean age 9 (+/-5) yrs) wore an activPAL monitor for 7 days to measure time spent sedentary and number of breaks in sedentary time. Data was assessed by Pearson’s correlations and t-tests. Results: Secondary school children spent a greater percentage of their day sedentary (64.5 (+/-8.5) %) than preschool (57.4 (+/-7.3) %) and primary school children (57.2 (+/-5) %). For the secondary school parent dyad, there were no significant positive associations for time sedentary (r = -0.167, p = 0.494) and percentage of day sedentary (r = -0.247, p = 0.308). For the primary school parent dyad, there were medium, but non-significant positive correlations for time sedentary (r = 0.38, p = 0.146) and percentage of day sedentary (r = 0.363, p = 0.167). For the preschool parent dyad, there were medium—large positive correlations for percentage of waking day sedentary at weekends (r = 0.479, p = 0.083) and number of sedentary breaks (r = 0.648, p = 0.012) at weekends. Conclusions: There were positive associations in sedentary time between primary school children and their parents, and between preschool children and their parents at the weekend. Thus, interventions aimed at reducing sedentary time of parents and children together, particularly at the weekend for young children, may be effective in these age groups. Secondary school children were more sedentary and had fewer sedentary breaks than younger children, thus interventions should promote breaks in sedentary time as well as reducing total sedentary time in this age group

A systematic evaluation of physical activity and diet policies in Scotland: Results from the 2021 Active Healthy Kids Report Card

Background Policymaking regarding physical activity (PA) and diet plays an important role in childhood health promotion. This study provides a detailed examination of Scottish government and policy for child and adolescent PA and diet and discusses strengths and areas for improvement. Methods Scottish policy documents (n = 18 [PA]; n = 10 [diet])—published in 2011–20—were reviewed for grading using an adapted version of the Health-Enhancing Physical Activity Policy Audit Tool Version 2. Results There is clear evidence of leadership and commitment to improving PA and diet and tackling obesity in children and adolescents. The allocation of funds and resources for policy implementation has increased substantially over the past decade. Progress through early key stages of public policymaking—policy agenda and formation—has improved. However, there is limited information on later key stages, including policy monitoring and evaluation. Conclusions Childhood PA and diet are a clear priority in Scotland, and PA and diet policies clearly support the desire to achieve other goals, including reducing inequalities and increasing active travel in Scotland. Nonetheless, future policies should be further strengthened through clear(er) plans of implementation, and monitoring and evaluation to support their societal impact

Evaluation of physical activity policies in Scotland : results from the 2021 Active Healthy Kids Scotland Report Card

Purpose: The benefits of physical activity (PA) are well-established for children and adolescents, and policy making regarding PA plays an important role in increasing PA. As part of the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance initiative, the 2021 Active Healthy Kids Scotland Report Card summarised the status of PA and health in Scottish children and adolescents prior to the COVID-19 pandemic—reporting on a range of indicators (Bardid et al., 2022). This study provides a detailed examination of the evidence informing the Government and Policy indicator. Methods: Current Scottish PA policy documents (n=18) published in 2011-2020—not including responses to COVID-19—were reviewed for grading. The grade was determined using an adapted version of the Policy Audit Tool Version 2 (Ward et al., 2021). Key criteria in the scoring rubric include number and breadth of policies, identified funding, identifiable reporting structures, and monitoring and evaluation plan. Results: A C- grade was assigned to the Government and Policy indicator. There is clear evidence of leadership and commitment to increasing levels of PA and providing PA opportunities for children and youth. The allocation of funds and resources for implementation of policy has increased substantially since the publication of previous report cards. Progress through the key stages of public policymaking—policy agenda and formation—has improved. However, some policy documents do not identify accountable organisations, whilst others do not include details regarding reporting structures. Moreover, many policy documents do not provide information on monitoring and evaluation of policies. Conclusions: Scotland has many creditable policies at national level. There appears to be good links between the government and organisations accountable for implementation. Child and adolescent PA is clearly a priority in Scotland; it is not only an outcome, but also a means to achieve other goals (e.g., active travel to take climate action). However, current policies provide limited information on how delivery of proposed actions will be monitored and evaluated in practice. Future policies should therefore include more information on monitoring, evaluation, and reporting of delivery of actions, in order to better understand and support policy implementation and its impact on PA in children and adolescents

A systematic evaluation of physical activity and diet policies in Scotland : results from the 2021 Active Healthy Kids Report Card

Background: Policymaking regarding physical activity (PA) and diet plays an important role in childhood health promotion. This study provides a detailed examination of Scottish government and policy for child and adolescent PA and diet and discusses strengths and areas for improvement. Methods: Scottish policy documents (n = 18 [PA]; n = 10 [diet])—published in 2011–20—were reviewed for grading using an adapted version of the Health-Enhancing Physical Activity Policy Audit Tool Version 2. Results: There is clear evidence of leadership and commitment to improving PA and diet and tackling obesity in children and adolescents. The allocation of funds and resources for policy implementation has increased substantially over the past decade. Progress through early key stages of public policymaking—policy agenda and formation—has improved. However, there is limited information on later key stages, including policy monitoring and evaluation. Conclusions: Childhood PA and diet are a clear priority in Scotland, and PA and diet policies clearly support the desire to achieve other goals, including reducing inequalities and increasing active travel in Scotland. Nonetheless, future policies should be further strengthened through clear(er) plans of implementation, and monitoring and evaluation to support their societal impact

Nature-based early childhood education and children's physical activity, sedentary behavior, motor competence, and other physical health outcomes : a mixed-methods systematic review

Background: The purpose was to synthesize evidence on the association between nature-based Early Childhood Education (ECE) and children’s physical activity (PA) and motor competence (MC). Methods: A literature search of 9 databases was concluded in August 2020. Studies were eligible if (1) children were aged 2–7 years old and attending ECE, (2) ECE settings integrated nature, and (3) assessed physical outcomes. Two reviewers independently screened full-text articles and assessed study quality. Synthesis was conducted using effect direction (quantitative), thematic analysis (qualitative), and combined using a results-based convergent synthesis. Results: 1370 full-text articles were screened and 39 (31 quantitative and 8 qualitative) studies were eligible; 20 quantitative studies assessed PA and 6 assessed MC. Findings indicated inconsistent associations between nature-based ECE and increased moderate to vigorous PA, and improved speed/agility and object control skills. There were positive associations between nature-based ECE and reduced sedentary time and improved balance. From the qualitative analysis, nature-based ECE affords higher intensity PA and risky play, which could improve some MC domains. The quality of 28/31 studies was weak. Conclusions: More controlled experimental designs that describe the dose and quality of nature are needed to better inform the effectiveness of nature-based ECE on PA and MC