Demographic Trends in National Forest, Recreational, Retirement, and Amenity Areas

Those who live near national forests are both potential forest visitors and neighbors who feel the impact of many forest management decisions. This paper provides some insights about those proximate populations. It does so by measuring the proportion of national forest land within each county and then combining that with an analysis of the patterns of demographic change over the past several decades. Because there is considerable overlap between counties that contain national forests and those designated as recreational, high amenity, and retirement destination counties, demographic trends in such counties are compared. A total of 757 of the 3,141 U.S. counties contain national forest land. More than 66.1 million people resided in these counties in 2000, some 24% of the U.S. total. The population in national forest counties grew by 19% between 1990 and 2000 compared to 13% for the nation as a whole. Most of the population gain in national forest areas resulted from net in-migration. Population gains in national forest counties were slightly smaller than those in recreational and natural amenity counties and significantly less than those in retirement destination counties; however, the gains were considerably larger than those in other counties. National forest counties that are metropolitan have significantly more Hispanics than other metropolitan counties but fewer Blacks and Whites. Nonmetropolitan national forest counties contain a much larger proportion of non-Hispanic Whites than their metropolitan counterparts, a finding consistent with that for nonmetropolitan counties in general. Knowledge about the changing size and demographic structure of the population in national forest counties has particular relevance to Forest Service planners and policymakers

Balancing Leisure and Work: Evidence from the Seasonal Home

Seasonal homes are used during leisure time for many recreational activities, yet recent technological innovations have diminished the separation between the work place and the seasonal home. In a survey of Walworth County seasonal home owners, most who work full time report they seldom work during vacations and weekends from their seasonal home. Yet there is a distinct subgroup who do mix work into weekends and vacations for a variety of reasons. The most frequent reasons given by these people for working from the seasonal home were related to the expectations of coworkers and clients. Understanding more about the habits and motivations of those who frequently work during weekends and on vacations could provide a new perspective on the obstacles everyone faces in balancing work and leisure

Ensemble Density Functional Theory for Inhomogeneous Fractional Quantum Hall Systems

The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) occurs at certain magnetic field strengths B*(n) in a two-dimensional electron gas of density n at strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the plane of the electron gas. At these magnetic fields strengths, the system is incompressible, i.e., there is a finite cost in energy for creating charge density fluctuations in the bulk, while the boundary of the electron gas has gapless modes of density waves. The bulk energy gap arises because of the strong electron-electron interactions. While there are very good models for infinite homogeneous systems and for the gapless excitations of the boundary of the electron gas, computational methods to accurately model finite, inhomogeneous systems with more then about ten electrons have not been available until very recently. We will here review an ensemble density functional approach to studying the ground state of large inhomogeneous spin polarized FQHE systems.Comment: 23 pages (revtex), 6 Postscript figures. To be published in Int. J. Quant. Chem. (invited talk at the 1996 Sanibel Symposium

Improved Superlinks for Higher Spin Operators

Traditional smearing or blocking techniques serve well to increase the overlap of operators onto physical states but allow for links orientated only along lattice axes. Recent attempts to construct more general propagators have shown promise at resolving the higher spin states but still rely on iterative smearing. We present a new method of superlink construction which creates meared links from (sparse) matrix multiplications, allowing for gluonic propagation in arbitrary directions. As an application and example, we compute the positive-parity, even-spin glueball spectrum up to spin 6 for pure gauge SU(2) at beta = 6, L = 16, in D = 2+1 dimensions.Comment: 27 pages, 10 tables, 8 figures, uses RevTex4, minor corrections and further development, reunitarized superlinks, as accepted by PR

Excitation energies, polarizabilities, multipole transition rates, and lifetimes of ions along the francium isoelectronic sequence

Relativistic many-body perturbation theory is applied to study properties of ions of the francium isoelectronic sequence. Specifically, energies of the 7s, 7p, 6d, and 5f states of Fr-like ions with nuclear charges Z = 87 - 100 are calculated through third order; reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are determined for 7s - 7p, 7p - 6d, and 6d - 5f electric-dipole transitions; and 7s - 6d, 7s - 5f, and 5f_5/2 - 5f_7/2 multipole matrix elements are evaluated to obtain the lifetimes of low-lying excited states. Moreover, for the ions Z = 87 - 92 calculations are also carried out using the relativistic all-order single-double method, in which single and double excitations of Dirac-Fock wave functions are included to all orders in perturbation theory. With the aid of the SD wave functions, we obtain accurate values of energies, transition rates, oscillator strengths, and the lifetimes of these six ions. Ground state scalar polarizabilities in Fr I, Ra II, Ac III, and Th IV are calculated using relativistic third-order and all-order methods. Ground state scalar polarizabilities for other Fr-like ions are calculated using a relativistic second-order method. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory.Comment: 13 figures, 11 table

Excitation energies, polarizabilities, multipole transition rates, and lifetimes in Th IV

Excitation energies of the ns_{1/2} (n=7-10), np_j (n=7-9), nd_j (n=6-8), nf_{j} (n=5-7), and ng_{j} (n=5-6) states in Th IV are evaluated. First-, second-, third-, and all-order Coulomb energies and first- and second-order Coulomb-Breit energies are calculated. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are determined for the 96 possible nl_j-n'l'_j' electric-dipole transitions. Multipole matrix elements (7s_{1/2}-6d_j, 7s_{1/2}-5f_j, and 5f_{5/2}-5f_{7/2}) are evaluated to obtain the lifetimes of the $5f_{7/2}$ and 7s_{1/2}$ states. Matrix elements are calculated using both relativistic many-body perturbation theory, complete through third order, and a relativistic all-order method restricted to single and double (SD) excitations. Scalar and tensor polarizabilities for the 5f_{5/2} ground state in Th3+ are calculated using relativistic third-order and all-order methods. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure

The conversation: developing confidence to provide end of life care in Salford nursing homes

The study was funded by the Burdett Trust for Nursing and partly by Salford Primary Care Trust. A realistic evaluation design was used to collect data using a range of approaches, from before and after surveys of confidence in delivering end of life care, to participant observation and interviews. A total of 43 people were interviewed involving both staff, residents and relatives. Key Messages a) Significant resources are needed to engage staff, residents and relatives/carers with the idea of advance care planning b) Care home staff are optimistic about involving residents and relatives in planning care at the end of life and some relatives become very involved in care c) Clearly registered nurses and other care home workers such as care assistants have different roles, but the overlap between these and the appropriate boundaries would benefit from further work d) Talking to residents and relatives about their feelings and wishes for care at the end of life remains especially difficult, but education and training in key skills and knowledge can engender both ability and motivation e) Care homes need strong and well-informed leadership in order to implement the Gold Standards Framework f) Placing a relative in a care home involves strain and an ability to compromise ‘there’s no perfect place’ g) Advance care planning can reduce the distress and the number of inappropriate hospital admissions, but is challenging in the face of staff rotation and out of hours medical staff being unpredictable h) The principles of the Gold Standards Framework are widely seen as sensible, but clinical challenges include diagnosing and predicting dying trajectories, especially in heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease and dementia i) A particular concern of staff is how to approach nutrition and hydration as frailty and death approach j) Communicating about diagnosis and especially prognosis with residents who lack capacity is an increasing problem k) Natural justice suggests that resources should be allocated to the general standardisation of a good quality of care at the end of life in ALL care homes whatever their Care Quality Commission ratin

Relativistic many-body calculation of energies, lifetimes, polarizabilities, blackbody radiative shift and hyperfine constants in Lu2+

Energy levels of 30 low-lying states of Lu2+ and allowed electric-dipole matrix elements between these states are evaluated using a relativistic all-order method in which all single, double and partial triple excitations of Dirac-Fock wave functions are included to all orders of perturbation theory. Matrix elements are critically evaluated for their accuracy and recommended values of the matrix elements are given together with uncertainty estimates. Line strengths, transition rates and lifetimes of the metastable 5d(3/2) and 5d(5/2) states are calculated. Recommended values are given for static polarizabilities of the 6s, 5d and 6p states and tensor polarizabilities of the 5d and 6p(3/2) states. Uncertainties of the polarizability values are estimated in all cases. The blackbody radiation shift of the 6s(1/2)-5d(5/2) transition frequency of the Lu2+ ion is calculated with the aid of the recommended scalar polarizabilities of the 6s(1/2) and 5d(5/2) states. Finally, A and B hyperfine constants are determined for states of 175Lu2+ with n <= 9. This work provides recommended values of transition matrix elements, polarizabilities and hyperfine constants of Lu2+, critically evaluated for accuracy, for benchmark tests of high-precision theoretical methodology and planning of future experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 10 table