Workers\u27 Compensation—Third-Party Tort Liability to Injured Workers Under R.C.W. Title 51—Seattle-First National Bank v. Shoreline Concrete Co., 91 Wn. 2d 230, 588 P.2d 1308 (1978)

Washington\u27s Industrial Insurance Act immunizes employers from tort actions brought by their injured employees. Dissatisfied with the modest compensation assured by the Act, employees often seek other parties to sue. Manufacturers who supply job-related equipment to employers are popular defendants because they are unprotected by the Act. In Seattle-First National Bank v. Shoreline Concrete Co. the Washington Supreme Court rendered the manufacturer\u27s role as the employer\u27s cotortfeasor particularly onerous. With only a cursory examination of policy, the court interpreted the Act as immunizing employers from suits by manufacturers for contribution, indemnity, or apportionment. In rejecting the trial court\u27s innovative attempt to reconcile competing interests, the court also reaffirmed Washington\u27s rule of joint and several liability for multiple tortfeasors. The court thus deprived manufacturers of all avenues of relief against employer-cotortfeasors and left them liable for the employer\u27s share of the losses as well as their own. This note examines the historical rationale and questionable contemporary utility of absolute employer immunity and joint and several liability. It concludes that the problem of distributing losses fairly among injured workers, their employers, and manufacturers of job-related equipment should be solved by imposing liability according to fault, with the employer\u27s share of the damages deemed satisfied by his premium payments into the industrial insurance fund

Technical Challenges in Fema’s Coastal Flood Risk Mapping in the Southeastern United States

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

Composition of Eleven Pig By-Products

The objective of this study was to evaluate 11 pork-based by-products for chemical and mineral composition to potentially serve as ingredients in carviore diets. By-products ranged widely in composition: DM: 26.0-71.2%; OM: 53.0-96.8%; CP: 22.9-79.3%; fat: 22.0-63.2%; CF: 0.3-19.5%; TDF: 0.0-3.4%; GE: 3.7-7.5 kcal/g; ME: 3.23-6.86 kcal/g. This nutrient range provides flexibility for formulation of various diet types. In addition, these by-products also have potential use as enrichment for managed carnivores

Inter-Observer Reliability for Large Exotic Felids

The objective of this study was to determine and refine the inter-observer reliability scores before a large exotic felid enrichment study was conducted in a zoological setting. Three felids housed at Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium were used. An ethogram was adapted from previously published felid work. Three behavioral measures were compared; active, inactive and other. A total of 6 female observers were used. One trainer (Observer 1 = control) who had one year of behavioral research experience with large exotic felids was responsible for observer training prior to study commencement. To test for inter-observer reliability, three 10 minute videos were viewed (sessions 1 through 3). All observers independently reviewed these videos. Each observer scored the felids using a one minute scan sampling technique. For each session there were 10 data points collected per observer or 30 data points per observer over the three training sessions. Data will be presented descriptively. There were two data points from observer 5 that differed from Observer 1 (control). There was one data point from Observer 6 that differed from Observer 1 (control). Therefore, 177 / 180 data points were in agreement between Observer 1 (control) and observers 2 through 6. This resulted in an overall inter-observer agreement of \u3e 98% before the experiment began. In conclusion, when using multiple observers for a behavioral study it is critical to have highly skilled individuals so that the data collected is accurate so that any treatment effects can be determined

Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Ethnicity, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes of Adults in Urban Populations of Central America

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of ethnicity and obesity as it relates to Type-2 Diabetes (T2D) in specific Central American countries. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association of ethnicity, obesity, and T2D. Four studies that qualified for inclusion were identified by searching MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The studies on the association of ethnicity and T2D had a combined population resulted in 265,858 study participants. Two studies on the association of obesity and T2D had 197,899 participants. An analysis of the data was conducted utilizing the relative risk ration, odds ratio, and forest plots. The comparison of the relative risk of T2D across ethnic categories by studies range for Blacks was 1.59 to 2.74, Asians was 1.43 to 2.08, and Hispanics .92 to 2.91. The ethnic difference in the prevalence of diabetes was almost two-fold higher in all ethnic groups than among the Caucasians with a significance level of 95%. A comparison of relative risk of T2D across weight categories was significantly higher among those with a diagnosed of diabetes in all reported areas. The odds ratio was very close to the risk ratio in both ethnicity and obesity to the development of T2D. The meta-analysis findings documented that an association does exist between ethnicity and obesity to the development of type 2 diabetes