Procenträkning : A study of students way of understanding interest calculation

Syftet med studien var dels att undersöka hur momentet procent introduceras i matematikläromedel för elever i år 4-6, samt att undersöka karaktären av elevernas kunskaper i procentbegreppet efter avslutad kurs. Undersökningen inleddes med en litteraturstudie kring begreppet procent. Därefter gjordes en textanalys på aktuella läromedel för år 4-6 i Sundbybergskommun samt Bollnäs kommun. Undersökningen genomfördes sedan i år 6, en grupp om 40 elever. Eleverna följde en traditionell undervisning med lärarens genomgång som sedan följdes av individuellt arbete. Under arbetets gång genomfördes tre diagnoser som avsåg att mäta elevernas begreppsförståelse i procent. Arbetet avslutades sedan med fyra intervjuer för att se om eleverna fått en ökad begreppsförståelse i procent eller om kunskaperna består av rena procedurkunskaper. I vår textanalys har vi kommit fram till att läromedlen betonar sambandet mellan bråk och procent och det vanligaste sättet att introducera begreppet procent är att utgå ifrån ”hundrarutan”, ett rutnät med hundra rutor där varje ruta är en hundradel. Vi har i vårt resultat kommit fram till att även om grupperna som helhet inte uppvisar en önskad begreppsförståelse för procent så utesluter inte detta att enskilda elever påvisar att de fått en sådan ökad förståelse

Swedish Women's Emotional Experience of the First Trimester in a New Pregnancy after One or More Miscarriages : A Qualitative Interview Study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate how Swedish women describe their emotional state of being during the eighth week through the eleventh week after they have become pregnant again after suffering a previous miscarriage. Method: A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach has been used to analyze fourteen interviews that served as the data base for this study. The content analysis resulted in the development of five categories which evolved into one primary theme. Findings: The five categories identified were Worry and preoccupation; Distance; managing their feelings; Mourning what is lost; Guarded happiness and expectations. These categories were compiled into a main theme, “Worry consumes a lot of energy, but on the other side lies happiness”. This theme focused on whether the women could feel any happiness about being pregnant again despite their concerns with the previous miscarriage. Conclusions: The emotional states of the women when they get pregnant again are typically characterized by anxiety, worry and concerns about their current pregnancy. The women have a tendency to distance themselves emotionally from their pregnancy but also strive to find the joy of being pregnant again. During the new pregnancy they find themselves in need of support from their family and friends as well as in need of support from the healthcare system

Hoppsan behövde vi internrevision : –En studie om vikten av internrevision i företag

Problem: För några år sedan var det vanligt att företag inte hade någon internrevisor, istället tog styrelsen hand om internrevisionen och såg till att företaget hade god intern kontroll. I och med Svensk kod för bolagsstyrning har förändringar skett och vi kan idag se att flera av företagen har infört en internrevisionsavdelning i bolaget. Syfte: Syfte med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur internrevisionen har utvecklats och vilken funktion den fyller i ett företag samt vilka effekter det har för företaget och den externa revisionen. Metod: En kvalitativ metod har använts med fokus på intervjuer med olika respondenter. En litteraturstudie har också genomförts för att se hur utvecklingen av internrevision har sett ut de senaste åren. Resultat: Vi har i denna studie kommit fram till att utvecklingen av internrevision har gjort att fler av de statliga företagen uppmärksammar internrevision, vi konstaterar att den interna revisionen blivit mer legitim. Internrevisorn har många funktioner, varav några av dessa är att se till att den interna kontrollen är god samt att företaget har bra rutiner så att de uppsatta målen uppfylls. De effekter vi ser är att kvalitén på internrevision höjs i företaget och att dubbelarbete kan undvikas genom ett samarbete med externrevisorn.Problem: For companies to have an internal auditor was not very common a few years ago, instead it was the board of directors who took care of the internal auditing and made sure the company had good internal control. Because of the implementation of the Swedish code for corporate governance changes have taken place and today we can see that several companies have introduced a department of internal auditing in the business. Purpose: The purpose with this thesis is to investigate how the internal auditing has developed, what purpose it serves in the company and what the effects are for the company and the external auditing. Method: A qualitative method has been used with focus on interviews with different respondents. A study of literature has also been carried out to see how the development of internal auditing has progressed over the last years. Conclusion: We came to the conclusion that the development of internal auditing has made more companies notice internal auditing, the internal auditing have become more legitimate. The internal auditor has many purposes, one of them is to make sure the internal control is good and that the company has good routines in order to fulfill the goals. Some of the effects we can see are higher quality on internal auditing and less double work when the internal auditor cooperates with the external auditor

Swedish women's emotional experience of the first trimester in a new pregnancy after one or more miscarriages : a qualitative interview study

The aim of this study was to evaluate how Swedish women describe their emotional state of being during the eighth week through the eleventh week after they have become pregnant again after suffering a previous miscarriage. Method: A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach has been used to analyze fourteen interviews that served as the data base for this study. The content analysis resulted in the development of five categories which evolved into one primary theme. Findings: The five categories identified were Worry and preoccupation; Distance; managing their feelings; Mourning what is lost; Guarded happiness and expectations. These categories were compiled into a main theme, “Worry consumes a lot of energy, but on the other side lies happiness”. This theme focused on whether the women could feel any happiness about being pregnant again despite their concerns with the previous miscarriage. Conclusions: The emotional states of the women when they get pregnant again are typically characterized by anxiety, worry and concerns about their current pregnancy. The women have a tendency to distance themselves emotionally from their pregnancy but also strive to find the joy of being pregnant again. During the new pregnancy they find themselves in need of support from their family and friends as well as in need of support from the healthcare system

Ambulanssjukvården måste bli jämlik

Skiftande vårdkvalité hotar patientsäkerheten inom ambulanssjukvården. Nu måste regeringen och Socialstyrelsen skapa nationella riktlinjer, skriver Nätverket för utbildning av ambulanssjuksköterskor

Lag times between lymphoproliferative disorder and clinical diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia : a prospective analysis using plasma soluble CD23

BACKGROUND: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic disease that often progresses slowly from a precursor stage, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), and that can remain undiagnosed for a long time. METHODS: Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer cohort, we measured prediagnostic plasma sCD23 for 179 individuals who eventually were diagnosed with CLL and an equal number of matched control subjects who remained free of cancer. RESULTS: In a very large proportion of CLL patients' plasma sCD23 was clearly elevated 7 or more years before diagnosis. Considering sCD23 as a disease predictor, the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was 0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90-1.00] for CLL diagnosed within 0.1 to 2.7 years after blood measurement, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86-0.95) for diagnosis within 2.8 to 7.3 years, and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65-0.86) for CLL diagnosed between 7.4 and 12.5 years. Even at a 7.4-year and longer time interval, elevated plasma sCD23 could predict a later clinical diagnosis of CLL with 100% specificity at >45% sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide unique documentation for the very long latency times during which measurable B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder exists before the clinical manifestation of CLL. IMPACT: Our findings have relevance for the interpretation of prospective epidemiologic studies on the causes of CLL in terms of reverse causation bias. The lag times indicate a time frame within which an early detection of CLL would be theoretically possible. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(3); 538-45. ©2014 AACR

Lag Times between Lympho-Proliferative Disorder and Clinical Diagnosis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Prospective Analysis Using Plasma Soluble CD23

Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic disease that often progresses slowly from a precursor stage, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), and that can remain undiagnosed for a long time. Methods: Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer cohort, we measured prediagnostic plasma sCD23 for 179 individuals who eventually were diagnosed with CLL and an equal number of matched control subjects who remained free of cancer. Results: In a very large proportion of CLL patients’ plasma sCD23 was clearly elevated 7 or more years before diagnosis. Considering sCD23 as a disease predictor, the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was 0.95 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90-1.00] for CLL diagnosed within 0.1 to 2.7 years after blood measurement, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86-0.95) for diagnosis within 2.8 to 7.3 years, and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65-0.86) for CLL diagnosed between 7.4 and 12.5 years. Even at a 7.4-year and longer time interval, elevated plasma sCD23 could predict a later clinical diagnosis of CLL with 100% specificity at > 45% sensitivity. Conclusions: Our findings provide unique documentation for the very long latency times during which measurable B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder exists before the clinical manifestation of CLL. Impact: Our findings have relevance for the interpretation of prospective epidemiologic studies on the causes of CLL in terms of reverse causation bias. The lag times indicate a time frame within which an early detection of CLL would be theoretically possible. (c) 2014 AACR