Performance - Complexity Comparison of Receivers for a LTE MIMO–OFDM System

Implementation of receivers for spatial multiplexing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) systems is considered. The linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) and the K-best list sphere detector (LSD) are compared to the iterative successive interference cancellation (SIC) detector and the iterative K-best LSD. The performance of the algorithms is evaluated in 3G long-term evolution (LTE) system. The SIC algorithm is found to perform worse than the K-best LSD when the MIMO channels are highly correlated, while the performance difference diminishes when the correlation decreases. The receivers are designed for 2X2 and 4X4 antenna systems and three different modulation schemes. Complexity results for FPGA and ASIC implementations are found. A modification to the K-best LSD which increases its detection rate is introduced. The ASIC receivers are designed to meet the decoding throughput requirements in LTE and the K-best LSD is found to be the most complex receiver although it gives the best reliable data transmission throughput. The SIC receiver has the best performance–complexity tradeoff in the 2X2 system but in the 4X4 case, the K-best LSD is the most efficient. A receiver architecture which could be reconfigured to using a simple or a more complex detector as the channel conditions change would achieve the best performance while consuming the least amount of power in the receiver

Receiver Implementation for MIMO-OFDM with AMC and Precoding

Receivers for horizontally encoded LTE based MIMO-OFDM systems are considered in this paper. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) is used as well as precoding. The linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE), successive interference cancellation (SIC) and K-best list sphere detectors (LSD) are compared. The receivers were designed and implemented for 2×2 and 4×4 antenna systems and meet the decoding rate requirement in LTE, i.e, 210 Mb/s in 2×2 and 405 Mb/s in 4×4 antenna systems. The results show that the performance of the receivers is similar in low SNR but the performance difference increases when a higher rank transmission is used. The K-best LSD has the highest performance and complexity. A simpler receiver could be used in the low SNRs to save power and a more complex receiver in the high SNRs when a higher goodput is needed.NokiaNokia Siemens Networks (NSN)Texas InstrumentsXilinxNational Science Foundatio

Implementation of LS, MMSE and SAGE Channel Estimators for Mobile MIMO-OFDM

The use of decision directed (DD) channel estimation in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) downlink receiver is studied in this paper. The 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) based pilot structure is used as a benchmark. The space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm is used to improve the performance from that of the pilot symbol based least-squares (LS) channel estimator. The DD channel estimation improves the performance with high user velocities, where the pilot symbol density is not sufficient. Minimum mean square error (MMSE) filtering can also be used in estimating the channel in between pilot symbols. The DD channel estimation can be used to reduce the pilot overhead without any performance degradation by transmitting data instead of pilot symbols. The pilot overhead is reduced to a third of the LTE pilot overhead, obtaining a ten percent increase in throughput. The pilot based LS, MMSE and the SAGE channel estimators are implemented and the performance-complexity trade-offs are studied

ASIC Implementation Comparison of SIC and LSD Receivers for MIMO-OFDM

MIMO-OFDM receivers with horizontal encoding are considered in this paper. The successive interference cancellation (SIC) algorithm is compared to the K-best list sphere detector (LSD). A modification to the K-best LSD algorithm is introduced. The SIC and K-best LSD receivers are designed for a 2 x 2 antenna system with 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The ASIC implementation results for both architectures are presented. The K-best LSD outperforms the SIC receiver in bad channel conditions but the SIC receiver performs better in channels with less correlated MIMO streams. The latency of the K-best LSD is large due to the high modulation order and list size. The throughput of the SIC receiver is more than 6 times higher than that of the K-best LSD.TekesFinnish Funding Agency for Technology and InnovationNokiaTexas InstrumentsNokia Siemens Networks (NSN)Elekrobi

Sosiaalipoliittiset toimet koronapandemian aikana vuonna 2020 : Vertailututkimus Suomesta ja 12 muusta OECD-maasta

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan, millaisia pandemiaan liittyviä sosiaalipoliittisia toimia Suomi ja 12 muuta OECD-maata toteuttivat vuonna 2020. Lisäksi analysoitiin, millaisia muutoksia toimet olivat suhteessa pandemiaa edeltäviin politiikkatoimiin. Tutkimusaineisto koottiin ensisijaisesti hallitusten, parlamenttien ja ministeriöiden dokumenteista. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin yhteensä 208 sosiaalipoliittista tointa regiimiteorian pohjalta valituissa maissa: Suomi, Norja, Ruotsi, Tanska, Islanti, Alankomaat, Saksa, Espanja, Italia, Iso-Britannia, Yhdysvallat, Etelä-Korea ja Japani. Toimet liittyivät työttömyysturvaan, sairausvakuutukseen, lapsiperheiden etuuksiin, eläkkeisiin, viimesijaisiin tukiin, suoriin tulonsiirtoihin, työllisyyden edistämiseen, asumisen tukemiseen, opiskelijoiden etuuksiin ja ylivelkaantuneisuuden ehkäisyyn. Sosiaalipoliittisissa muutoksissa korostuivat etuuksien tasokorotukset, omavastuupäivien poistot ja etuusjaksojen pidennykset. Suomessa, Ruotsissa ja Norjassa tämänkaltaisten muutosten suhteellinen osuus oli suurin. Sen sijaan viimesijaista sosiaaliturvaa muutettiin vähiten. Sosiaaliturvaa laajennettiin 11 maassa. Uusista toimista yleisimpiä olivat kerta­luontoiset tulonsiirrot kahdeksassa maassa. Pandemian aikaiset toimet eivät olleet pelkästään reagointia toteutuneisiin riskeihin, vaan niiden avulla myös ennaltaehkäistiin uusien riskien toteutumista

Decision-Directed Channel Estimation Implementation for Spectral Efficiency Improvement in Mobile MIMO-OFDM

Channel estimation algorithms and their implementations for mobile receivers are considered in this paper. The 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) based pilot structure is used as a benchmark in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receiver. The decision directed (DD) space alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm is used to improve the performance from that of the pilot symbol based least-squares (LS) channel estimator. The performance is improved with high user velocities, where the pilot symbol density is not sufficient. Minimum mean square error (MMSE) filtering is also used in estimating the channel in between pilot symbols. The pilot overhead can be reduced to a third of the LTE pilot overhead with DD channel estimation, obtaining a ten percent increase in data throughput. Complexity reduction and latency issues are considered in the architecture design. The pilot based LS, MMSE and the SAGE channel estimators are implemented with a high level synthesis tool, synthesized with the UMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology and the performance-complexity trade-offs are studied. The MMSE estimator improves the performance from the simple LS estimator with LTE pilot structure and has low power consumption. The SAGE estimator has high power consumption but can be used with reduced pilot density to increase the data rate.National Science FoundationTekesElektrobitRenesas Mobile EuropeAcademy of FinlandNokia Siemens NetworksXilin

Equalization and channel estimation algorithms and implementations for cellular MIMO-OFDM downlink

Abstract The aim of the thesis is to develop algorithms and architectures to meet the high data rate, low complexity requirements of the future mobile communication systems. Algorithms, architectures and implementations for detection, channel estimation and interference mitigation in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) receivers are presented. The performance-complexity trade-offs in different receiver algorithms are studied and the results can be utilized in receiver design as well as in system design. Implementation of detectors for spatial multiplexing systems is considered first. The linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) and the K-best list sphere detector (LSD) are compared to the successive interference cancellation (SIC) detector. The SIC algorithm was found to perform worse than the K-best LSD when the MIMO channels are highly correlated. The performance difference diminishes when the correlation decreases. With feedback to the transmitter, the performance difference is even smaller, but the full rank transmissions still require a more complex detector. A reconfigurable receiver, using a simple or a more complex detector as the channel conditions change, would achieve the best performance while consuming the least amount of power in the receiver. The use of decision directed (DD) channel estimation is also studied. The 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) based pilot structure is used as a benchmark. The performance and complexity of the pilot symbol based least-squares (LS) channel estimator, the minimum mean square error (MMSE) filter and the DD space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm are studied. DD channel estimation and MMSE filtering improve the performance with high user velocities, where the pilot symbol density is not sufficient. With DD channel estimation, the pilot overhead can be reduced without any performance degradation by transmitting data instead of pilot symbols. Suppression of co-channel interference in the MIMO-OFDM receiver is finally considered. The interference and noise spatial covariance matrix is used in data detection and channel estimation. Interference mitigation is applied for linear and nonlinear detectors. An algorithm to adapt the accuracy of the matrix decomposition and the use of interference suppression is proposed. The adaptive algorithm performs well in all interference scenarios and the power consumption of the receiver can be reduced.Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöskirjatyön tavoitteena on kehittää vastaanotinalgoritmeja ja -arkkitehtuureja, jotka toteuttavat tulevaisuuden langattomien tietoliikennejärjestelmien suuren datanopeuden ja pienen kompleksisuuden tavoitteet. Työssä esitellään algoritmeja, arkkitehtuureja ja toteutuksia ilmaisuun, kanavaestimointiin ja häiriönvaimennukseen monitulo-monilähtötekniikkaa (multiple-input multiple-output, MIMO) ja ortogonaalista taajuusjakokanavointia (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, OFDM) yhdistäviin vastaanottimiin. Algoritmeista saatavaa suorituskykyhyötyä verrataan vaadittavaan toteutuksen monimutkaisuuteen. Työn tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää sekä vastaanotin- että järjestelmäsuunnittelussa. Lineaarista pienimmän keskineliövirheen (minimum mean square error, MMSE) ilmaisinta ja listapalloilmaisinta (list sphere detector, LSD) verrataan peräkkäiseen häiriönpoistoilmaisimeen (successive interference cancellation, SIC). SIC-ilmaisimella on huonompi suorituskyky kuin LSD-ilmaisimella radiokanavan ollessa korreloitunut. Korrelaation pienentyessä myös ilmaisimien suorituskykyero pienenee. Erot suorituskyvyissä ovat vähäisiä silloinkin, jos järjestelmässä on takaisinkytkentäkanava lähettimelle. Tällöinkin korkean signaali-kohinasuhteen olosuhteissa LSD-ilmaisimet mahdollistavat tilakanavoidun, suuren datanopeuden tiedonsiirron. Radiokanavan muuttuessa uudelleenkonfiguroitava vastaanotin toisi virransäästömahdollisuuden vaihtelemalla kompleksisen ja yksinkertaisen ilmaisimen välillä. Kanavaestimointialgoritmeja ja niiden toteutuksia vertaillaan käyttämällä lähtökohtana nykyisen mobiilin tiedonsiirtostandardin viitesignaalimallia. Tutkittavat algoritmit perustuvat pienimmän neliösumman (least squares, LS) ja pienimmän keskineliövirheen menetelmään, sekä päätöstakaisinkytkettyyn (decision directed, DD) kanavaestimointialgoritmiin. DD-kanavaestimaattori ja MMSE-suodatin parantavat vastaanottimen suorituskykyä korkeissa käyttäjän nopeuksissa, joissa viitesignaaleiden tiheys ei ole riittävä. DD-kanavaestimoinnilla datanopeutta voidaan nostaa viitesignaaleiden määrää laskemalla vaikuttamatta suorituskykyyn. Työssä tarkastellaan myös saman kanavan häiriön vaimennusta. Häiriöstä ja kohinasta koostuvaa kovarianssimatriisia käytetään ilmaisuun ja kanavaestimointiin. Työssä esitetään adaptiivinen algoritmi matriisihajoitelman tarkkuuden ja häiriön vaimennuksen säätämiseen. Algoritmi mahdollistaa hyvän suorituskyvyn kaikissa häiriötilanteissa vähentäen samalla virrankulutusta

MIMO detector for LTE/LTE-A uplink receiver

Abstract We propose a carefully selected receiver structure, detector and detector implementation architecture for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) uplink base station receiver for fourth generation (4G) wireless cellular systems. First, we compare different receiver algorithms and structures for single-carrier frequency-division multiple access (SC-FDMA) uplink transmission to get a good understanding of the performance and complexity of these algorithms and their suitability for practical realization. One of those structures, namely the frequency domain MMSE equalization with sphere detection (SD), is proposed for implementation. The receiver consists of separate stages for inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-antenna interference (IAI) mitigation in frequency selective MIMO channels. Frame error rate (FER) performance is studied via simulations in realistic wireless channels and practical system parameters. K-best SD is selected as a detector algorithm for this receiver. There are several publications proposing a sort-free architecture for tree search type of detectors. Both a conventional K-best architecture and a sort-free architecture are implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-6 field-programmable gate array (FPGA) using High Level Synthesis (HLS) tool. Both architectures support 4 × 4 MIMO with 64-level modulation (64-QAM). Complexity results confirm that avoiding the sorter is not always recommended. The benefit of sort-free architecture depends on the system parameters