A Glittering Hope at the Darkest Time: Refugees and the Western Sanitary Commission During the Civil War

Title from PDF of title page viewed February 1, 2021VitaIncludes bibliographical references (page 60-63)Thesis (M.A.)--Department of History. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2020By 1864, refugees from the South and the Western Border flooded into St. Louis and adjacent towns in unprecedented numbers. This influx of destitute people required aid and relief organizations in Missouri to broaden their level of operations. As the largest charity society in the Western states, the Western Sanitary Commission (WSC) answered the call for help. However, many St. Louisians, who were divided by political ideology, were not favorable to its efforts to aid these refugees. This paper focuses on the Commission’s three activities to discover how it represented and defined itself amid the political conflict. First, the Western Sanitary Commission published a report of its work on behalf of White Southern refugees whose loyalty was doubtful. The Commission observers stressed in the report that those displaced were human beings and not only refugees but also soldiers’ families who deserved aid from the Union. The report was also a form of propaganda to ask for donations and support for the Commission’s work. Second, the language used by the WSC for its biggest fundraising event, the Mississippi Valley Sanitary Fair, continually highlighted the unity of Americans. It did not mean unconditional affection for human beings. It instead indicated integration under the Union. Sharing the same nationality provided Americans with a way to identify themselves with the refugees. Lastly, the Refugee and Freedmen’s Home shows how the WSC practiced its new identity in its operations. By accommodating both black and white refugees in one building, it showed race did not matter for its aid and relief movement. In sum, the WSC members by 1864 found themselves needing to garner broader financial support and overcome opposition towards white refugees, many who hailed from Confederate states. Facing these challenges, they justified the work on behalf of the destitute as a patriotic endeavor consolidating racially and politically divided Americans under the Union’s cause. In this process, they pursued a glittering hope; a new nation based on the integration of racial and political identity.Introduction -- The Refugee Issue Between 1862 and 1864 -- The WSC Report on the White Union refugees if the South - The Mississippi Valley Sanitary Fair -- The Refugee and Freedmen's Home -- Conclusio

Seoul Hope Plus Savings Accounts: Asset-Building Program for Low-Income Households in Seoul

Seoul Hope Plus Savings Accounts: Asset-Building Program for Low-Income Households in Seou

Population differentiated copy number variation of Bos taurus, Bos indicus and their African hybrids

Background CNV comprises a large proportion in cattle genome and is associated with various traits. However, there were few population-scale comparison studies on cattle CNV. Results Here, autosome-wide CNVs were called by read depth of NGS alignment result and copy number variation regions (CNVRs) defined from 102 Eurasian taurine (EAT) of 14 breeds, 28 Asian indicine (ASI) of 6 breeds, 22 African taurine (AFT) of 2 breeds, and 184 African humped cattle (AFH) of 17 breeds. The copy number of every CNVRs were compared between populations and CNVRs with population differentiated copy numbers were sorted out using the pairwise statistics VST and Kruskal-Wallis test. Three hundred sixty-two of CNVRs were significantly differentiated in both statistics and 313 genes were located on the population differentiated CNVRs. Conclusion For some of these genes, the averages of copy numbers were also different between populations and these may be candidate genes under selection. These include olfactory receptors, pathogen-resistance, parasite-resistance, heat tolerance and productivity related genes. Furthermore, breed- and individual-level comparison was performed using the presence or copy number of the autosomal CNVRs. Our findings were based on identification of CNVs from short Illumina reads of 336 individuals and 39 breeds, which to our knowledge is the largest dataset for this type of analysis and revealed important CNVs that may play a role in cattle adaption to various environments

Correction to: Population diferentiated copy number variation of Bos taurus, Bos indicus and their African hybrids

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported that the following missing authors from the authorship list: • Endashaw Terefe • Gurja Belay • Abdulfatai Tijjani • Jian-Lin Han • Olivier Hanotte The corrected authorship list and the updated ‘Authors’ contributions’ and ‘Acknowledgements’ declarations are provided in this Correction article. The original article [1] has been updated

Population differentiated copy number variation of Bos taurus, Bos indicus and their African hybrids

BackgroundCNV comprises a large proportion in cattle genome and is associated with various traits. However, there were few population-scale comparison studies on cattle CNV.ResultsHere, autosome-wide CNVs were called by read depth of NGS alignment result and copy number variation regions (CNVRs) defined from 102 Eurasian taurine (EAT) of 14 breeds, 28 Asian indicine (ASI) of 6 breeds, 22 African taurine (AFT) of 2 breeds, and 184 African humped cattle (AFH) of 17 breeds. The copy number of every CNVRs were compared between populations and CNVRs with population differentiated copy numbers were sorted out using the pairwise statistics VST and Kruskal-Wallis test. Three hundred sixty-two of CNVRs were significantly differentiated in both statistics and 313 genes were located on the population differentiated CNVRs.ConclusionFor some of these genes, the averages of copy numbers were also different between populations and these may be candidate genes under selection. These include olfactory receptors, pathogen-resistance, parasite-resistance, heat tolerance and productivity related genes. Furthermore, breed- and individual-level comparison was performed using the presence or copy number of the autosomal CNVRs. Our findings were based on identification of CNVs from short Illumina reads of 336 individuals and 39 breeds, which to our knowledge is the largest dataset for this type of analysis and revealed important CNVs that may play a role in cattle adaption to various environments

The mosaic genome of indigenous African cattle as a unique genetic resource for African pastoralism

© 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc. Cattle pastoralism plays a central role in human livelihood in Africa. However, the genetic history of its success remains unknown. Here, through whole-genome sequence analysis of 172 indigenous African cattle from 16 breeds representative of the main cattle groups, we identify a major taurine × indicine cattle admixture event dated to circa 750–1,050 yr ago, which has shaped the genome of today’s cattle in the Horn of Africa. We identify 16 loci linked to African environmental adaptations across crossbred animals showing an excess of taurine or indicine ancestry. These include immune-, heat-tolerance- and reproduction-related genes. Moreover, we identify one highly divergent locus in African taurine cattle, which is putatively linked to trypanotolerance and present in crossbred cattle living in trypanosomosis-infested areas. Our findings indicate that a combination of past taurine and recent indicine admixture-derived genetic resources is at the root of the present success of African pastoralism