Particle size distribution by frequency percent of total particle volume and cumulative percentage of size classes.

<p>The individual graphs demonstrate the particles size of OAgNPs (A) and PAgNPs (B) counted using transmission electronic microscope (No. of particle counted = 106).</p

Total silver uptake (μg g^-1 dw) by <i>C</i>. <i>gracilis</i> (A) and <i>I</i>. <i>galbana</i> (B) after 24 h of exposure.

<p>Each bar represents the mean (+ SD) of triplicates. One-way ANOVA was used for the statistics analysis. Significant different between FSW control and treatments was identified by Tukey’s test; *: <i>p</i> < 0.05; ***: <i>p</i> < 0.001. Ctrl: FSW control, SN: AgNO₃, O: OAgNP and P: PAgNP.</p

Effect of OAgNPs, PAgNPs and AgNO₃ on the larval growth of <i>C</i>. <i>onyx</i> (A) and <i>H</i>. <i>elegans</i> (B).

<p>Each bar represents the mean (+ SD) of three replicates. One-way ANOVA was used for the statistics analysis. Different letters above the bar indicate the means that are significantly different as identified by Tukey’s test. Ctrl: FSW control, SN: AgNO₃, O: OAgNP and P: PAgNP.</p

EM micrographs.

<p>Images of OAgNPs (A) and PAgNPs (B) taken by transmission electronic microscope; images of OAgNPs (C) and PAgNPs (D) taken by scanning electronic microscope. Scale bar in (A-B): 0.2 μm; (C-D): 1 μm.</p

Particle size distribution by frequency percent of total particle volume and cumulative percentage of size classes.

<p>The individual graphs demonstrate the particles size of OAgNPs (A) and PAgNPs (B) counted using transmission electronic microscope (No. of particle counted = 106).</p

Effect of OAgNPs, PAgNPs and AgNO₃ on the cumulative molts per larva of <i>B</i>. <i>amphitrite</i> on Day 5.

<p>Each bar represents the mean (+ SD) of four replicates. One-way ANOVA was used for the statistics analysis. Different letters above the bar indicate the means that are significantly different as identified by Tukey’s test. Ctrl: FSW control, SN: AgNO₃, O: OAgNP and P: PAgNP.</p

Concentration of silver released from coated AgNPs mixed in filter seawater at 10 and 100 μg L^-1.

<p>OAgNPs at 10 μg L^<b>-1</b> (O10; open triangle) and 100 μg L^<b>-1</b> (O100; filled triangle). PAgNPs at 10 μg L^<b>-1</b> (P10; open circle) and 100 μg L^<b>-1</b> (P100; filled circle). Samples were collected every 24 h followed by ultracentrifugation for silver measurement using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. Each data point represents the mean (± SD) of duplicate.</p

TEM micrographs of coated AgNP localization in <i>C</i>. <i>onyx</i> larva.

<p>Coated AgNPs were found in the intestine region of <i>C</i>. <i>onyx</i> treated with 100 μg L^<b>-1</b> of PAgNPs. Particles are visible in the intestine as black dots indicated by arrow. They are also observed to pass through the plasma membrane and deposit next to the microvilli (A) and in the vacuole (B). Gl: gut lumen; Mv: microvilli; Pm: plasma membrane. Scale bars: 0.5 μm. (C) is the EDS spectrum showing the presence of silver.</p