Social reproduction in rural Chinese families: A three‐generation portrait

Much of the existing debate on social reproduction focuses on capitalist social relations or is framed around the distinction between the Global North and Global South. Using China, whose unique post‐1949 developmental trajectory embraces both elements of socialism and capitalism, this article aims to breakdown the dichotomy between capitalism and other economic systems and instead draw attention to the ways in which households, the state and market are interdependent. Drawing upon an ethnography conducted in two rural villages and three‐generational life history data, this article explores how the organization of reproductive work evolved in rural families against the backdrop of wider political and economic transformations since 1949. Through an examination of the inter‐linkages between productive and reproductive activities across three generations, it reveals that unpaid reproductive work, performed unambiguously by women, has been central to China's economic modernization in both the Mao and Post‐Mao eras. The organization of this reproductive work among women inside the households of each generation since 1949 is influenced by a combination of factors including the patrilocal and patrilineal kinship system, the social welfare context and the economic processes of a particular era. While confirming existing scholarship on migration and agrarian change, by revealing the household as a site of gendered and intergenerational negotiation, this article disputes a linear generational power shift in agrarian transformations

Childhood and rural to urban migration in China: A tale of three villages

This article examines how, for many in rural China, experiences of childhood are entangled within the complex processes of rural-to-urban internal migration. Drawing upon multi-generational life history data in three villages, it unpacks three common types of childhood experience. In Village A, where married men migrated but wives stayed behind, children grew up with ‘absent fathers’. In Village B, both parents migrated to cities for work, leaving their children predominantly cared for by grandmothers as a surrogate. In Village C, where parents often took their children to a city with them, the children and their family had to navigate a hostile urban environment that rendered those of rural origin second-class citizens. Whilst childhood experiences in each setting were distinctive and shaped by their geographies, they shared common features reflecting the urban-rural divide and social inequalities embedded in Chinese society. In the public discourse, institutionalized inequalities experienced by rural communities are often disguised and downplayed with the focus instead on parental separation and the impact on ‘left-behind’ children. This article reveals it is the stability and quality of care arrangements, rather than mere separation from parents, that is critical to the development of the emotional well-being of children. Theoretically, the analysis contributes to global scholarship on the dynamics between migration, inequalities and childhood experiences and calls for a broader framing of the debate beyond the dominant concern with physical separation

Durchführbarkeitsanalyse und Validierung eines Feldbussystems mit einer großen Anzahl an Busteilnehmern mit formalen Methoden

The complexity of large scale fieldbus systems is two-fold: message-sending concurrency and emergent bus behavior. On the one hand, an increase in the number of accumulating nodes within one fieldbus system expands its message-sending concurrency; on the other hand, the growth of emergent bus behavior causes a temporary or lasting message burst on the fieldbus channel. The message sequences in turn have an increased burst behavior, aggravating the traffic density. Therefore, this dissertation evaluates the performability of large scale fieldbus systems by presenting a busload validation procedure by formal methods. The model concept is conceptualized and formulated by UMLCD and OSI Model. Furthermore, the validation procedure is formalized and structurally specified by applying the attribute hierarchy and BMW principle. Based on sorting the message-sending occurrences from the log data of a real fieldbus-based building automation system, the validation procedure is thus quantified with the real system timed-parameters. In addition, the stochastic distributions of message transmissions are determined by the goodness of fit method. The entire work is based on DSPN as formal means of descriptions and models. The corresponding Petri net communication model is hierarchically constructed, which has been further parameterized, integrated and simulated. The analysis of system complexity is provided by the programming-based extension of the Petri net communication model. In addition, the results of Monte-Carlo-Simulation have been sorted, analyzed and evaluated regarding the validation aspects of system performability. Finally, the emergent message burst generated from the function interrelations has also been observed and evaluated. The result of this work will make a formal contribution to the improvement the fieldbus specification.Insbesondere für Feldbussysteme mit einer großen Anzahl an Busteilnehmern wird die Komplexität über zwei Kenngrößen charakterisiert. Einerseits stellt die Erhöhung der Anzahl akkumulierter Feldbusknoten innerhalb eines Feldbussystems eine gestiegene Message-Sendung-Nebenläufigkeit dar. Andererseits steigt diese auch durch Zuwachs des emergenten Busverhaltens, die temporäre oder dauerhafte Nachrichtenfolgen mit sich führen. Die Nachrichtenfolgen wiederum können ein erhöhtes Burst-Verhalten auf dem Feldbus-Kanal, d.h. eine erhöhte Busauslastung verursachen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein komplexes Feldbussystem formal zu beschreiben und ein formales Buslastvalidierungsverfahren darzustellen. Das Modellkonzept wird zunächst durch das UMLCD und das OSI-Modell formuliert, und anschließend wird das Validierungsverfahren mit der Attributhierarchie und dem BMW-Prinzip formalisiert und spezifiziert. Aufgrund der Sortierung des Sendungsverhaltens mittels Logdaten eines realen Feldbus-basierten Gebäudeautomationssystems, wird das Validierungsverfahren durch die quantitative Analyse weitergeführt. Zusätzlich werden die stochastischen Verteilungen der Sendungsverhaltene durch die Goodness-of-Fit Methode angepasst. Die gesamte Arbeit basiert auf DSPN als formales Beschreibungsmittel und Modellierungsmittel. Das entsprechende Petrinetz-Kommunikationsmodell wird vorgestellt, welches hierarchisch konstruiert, parametriert und simuliert wurde. Die Systemkomplexität wird mit Hilfe der Programmierung-basierten Erweiterung des Petrinetz-Kommunikationsmodells analysiert. Dazu werden die Monte-Carlo-Simulationsergebnisse dieses erweiterten Modells vorgestellt, analysiert und bewertet und in Bezug zu den Validierungsaspekten der Systemleistung gesetzt. Schließlich wird das erzeugte Nachrichten-Burst-Verhalten von den Funktionsverknüpfungen beobachtet und bewertet. Die Ergebnisse werden von dieser Arbeit nach der Vervollständigung der formalen Feldbusspezifikation zurückgeführt und verbessert

Ageing and familial support: a three-generation portrait from urban China

Research on ageing in China has been preoccupied with the unsolved question of whether traditional filial piety is eroded or sustained by societal modernisation. This article engages with the ongoing debate on modernisation and family change, but seeks to go beyond the prevailing dichotomous conclusion. Rather than focusing on one intergenerational relationship between ageing parents and their adult children – a common formula in the existing literature – this article draws upon 120 life-history interviews, involving both genders and three generations in three cities, and examines how old-age support practices have shifted across three generations, as well as between sons and daughters across time. The findings indicate that while there has been a decline in everyday financial and instrumental support by adult children for their parents across all three generations, crisis-induced intergenerational solidarity has remained intact. As the market economy has matured, differences in ageing experience have widened between working-class and affluent families. The article also reveals that care for bilateral parents has characterised the behaviour of the three urban generations. The complex shifts and continuities are the outcome of a combination of state policies, evolving filial norms, gender and demographic forces, as well as reflecting the broader structural consequences of China's shift to a market economy. By systematically comparing old-age practices by generation and gender in both Mao and post-Mao eras, the article makes a major empirical contribution to the study of ageing in urban China. From a theoretical perspective, it contributes to the global debate on modernisation and ageing by emphasising the uneven processes in which social change interacts with family life within a single country, when viewed through generational and gender prisms. In so doing, it highlights the ways in which old-age support trajectories are firmly grounded in local history and cultural, economic and demographic forces

Childhood in Urban China: A Three-Generation Portrait

This article examines how the experience of childhood has changed in urban China against the backdrop of the wider political, social and economic transformations in the 20th century. Drawing on 95 life history interviews in three urban sites in China, it explores the nature, origins and impact of continuities and changes in childhood experiences across three generations. While expressive intimacy between the only-child generation and their parents increased, the three-generational comparison disputes previous theorizing about the modernization of childhood and the value of children based upon a Euro-American empirical reality. Rather than being trapped in a linear progression model, this article reveals that while the economic value of children as family helpers has dramatically reduced across three generations, the economic prospect of children as old age security goes hand in hand with the emotional value of children, which is shaped by the cultural tradition of filial piety, social welfare context and demographic structure. As a consequence, in contrast with the existing argument of an individualization of childhood in China, this article indicates that the youngest generation – the only-child generation – experienced an increasing regimentalization of childhood, exercised by their parents and driven by both neoliberal market and post-socialist state forces. This article also draws attention to the gender difference in childhood experience across three generations and reveals how the one-child policy has contributed to the increasing value of girls in urban China

Are males and females of Populus cathayana differentially sensitive to Cd stress?

This study clarifies the mechanisms of Cd uptake, translocation and detoxification in Populus cathayana Rehder females and males, and reveals a novel strategy for dioecious plants to cope with Cd contamination. Females exhibited a high degree of Cd uptake and root-to-shoot translocation, while males showed extensive Cd accumulation in roots, elevated antioxidative capacity, and effective cellular and bark Cd sequestration. Our study also found that Cd is largely located in epidermal and cortical tissues of male roots and leaves, while in females, more Cd was present in vascular tissues of roots and leaves, as well as in leaf mesophyll. In addition, the distributions of sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P) were very similar as that of Cd in males, but the associations were weak in females. Scanning electron microscopy and energy spectroscopy analyses suggested that the amounts of tissue Cd were positively correlated with P and S amounts in males, but not in females (a weak correlation between S and Cd). Transcriptional data suggested that Cd stress promoted the upregulation of genes related to Cd uptake and translocation in females, and that of genes related to cell wall biosynthesis, metal tolerance and secondary metabolism in males. Our results indicated that coordinated physiological, microstructural and transcriptional responses to Cd stress endowed superior Cd tolerance in males compared with females, and provided new insights into mechanisms underlying sexually differential responses to Cd stress.Peer reviewe

Many-objective optimization meets recommendation systems:A food recommendation scenario

Due to the ever-increasing amount of various information provided by the internet, recommendation systems are now used in a large number of fields as efficient tools to get rid of information overload. The content-based, collaborative-based and hybrid methods are the three classical recommendation techniques, whereas not all real-world problems (e.g. the food recommendation problem) can be best addressed by such classical recommendation techniques. This paper is devoted to solving the food recommendation problem based on many-objective optimization (MaOO). A novel recommendation approach is proposed by transforming the original recommendation problem into an MaOO one that contains four different objectives, i.e., the user preferences, nutritional values, dietary diversity, and user diet patterns. The experimental results demonstrate that the designed recommendation approach provides a more balanced way of recommending food than the classical recommendation methods that only consider individuals’ food preferences.</p

Ageing and intergenerational care in rural China: a qualitative study of policy development

The large-scale migration of younger workers from rural to urban China since the 1990s has separated many adult children from their ageing parents, thereby challenging traditional patterns of familial support in rural villages. Existing studies on ageing in rural China examining the familial support system show that families remain the main focus of support despite geographical separation. Less work has been done to capture the effects of recent changes in Chinese social policies for rural villages, including state pension provision and medical care, and the interaction between the familial support system and other sectors. Drawing on data from an ethnographic study of a rural village, this article adopts a ‘bottom-up’ approach to examine the implications of Chinese policy development for the provision of different types of old-age support. The findings suggest that current welfare provision in rural China is deeply embedded in a familial ideology with market, state and community sectors, indirectly or directly, relying on the family sector. Rather than being located in a dichotomised debate between familialisation and defamilialisation, this article reveals that villagers’ preferences are situated along a spectrum between familialisation and defamilialisation, shaped by local socio-cultural economic circumstances and different types of old-age support

Can ‘distant water … quench the instant thirst’? The renegotiation of familial support in rural China in the face of extensive out migration

This article addresses debates on modernisation, ageing and intergenerational support in developing/emerging economies. By examining the impact of rural to urban migration on elder support in Chinese rural families, it examines how support is being renegotiated and the implications this holds for experiences of growing older. It is positioned critically within the Chinese rural families literature, both drawing on research that reveals the continued influence of familial culture (Silverstein 2009; Lin and Yi 2011, 2013; Guo, Chi and Silverstein 2011) while arguing that this research has under-examined the strain this places on rural families, emerging conflicts and the potentially negative implications for gender and ageing. A gendered intergenerational lens is adopted to examine how generations experience and interpret these changes in the form and delivery of intergenerational support. The article focuses on the experiences and lives of the older parents, and older women in particular, to address some of the oversights in existing literature