An example of category generation.

<p>An example of category generation.</p

Disinhibition of negative true self for identity reconstructions in cyberspace: Advancing self-discrepancy theory for virtual setting

<div><p>In face-to-face communications, to avoid sanctions and disapproval from others, people are more likely to hide negative aspects of their true self (such as socially undesirable personalities, minds, beliefs and consciousness) to avoid conflict with social norms and laws. The anonymity of cyberspace provides people a unique environment to behave more freely and openly with less restraint from the real word. Existing research related to online true self expression has mainly explored true self as an independent aspect of self. Regarding true self as a two-dimensional concept, this study investigates true self from the perspective of individuals’ self-guide and identity reconstruction in both online and offline world. Using qualitative research methods, the current study investigates 57 participants through interviews and questionnaires. Content analysis reveals four factors that motivate people to express more true self (especially negative true self) when reconstructing their online identity and involve true self as a part of their self-guide in anonymous environment. By incorporating true self as an important part of individuals' self-guide and identity online, the current study advances self-discrepancy theory, making it more comprehensive for cyberspace. The results are also interpreted based on self-determination theory. The theoretical contributions of this study are discussed and practical implications are also presented.</p></div

Participants’ demographic information.

<p>Participants’ demographic information.</p

Summary of results.

<p>Summary of results.</p

The Diagnosis Accuracy of PLA2R-AB in the Diagnosis of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: A Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>The presence of antibodies against the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R-AB) is considered to be a promising serological diagnostic biomarker of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (iMN). However, controversy remains about the diagnostic accuracy of serum PLA2R-AB testing. Here, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to assess the overall diagnostic value of serum PLA2R-AB testing in iMN detection.</p><p>Methods</p><p>PubMed, Embase, and CNKI (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched for relevant original articles through January 31, 2014. The summary sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were estimated using the bivariate model. The heterogeneity among studies was explored by subgroup and meta-regression analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>9 articles, including 15 studies, were eventually identified with a total of 2212 patients. The summary sensitivity of all studies is 78% (95% CI: 66% to 87%) and the specificity is 99% (95% CI: 96% to 100%). The summary positive and negative likelihood ratios are 96.1 (95% CI, 19.5 to 472.1) and 0.22 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.35), respectively. The DOR is 437 (95%CI, 74 to 2592). The subgroup analysis and meta-regression suggest the test interval is the main source of heterogeneity.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Serum PLA2R-AB testing is a useful tool to detect iMN. In addition, considering the high heterogeneity and potential publication bias, further high quality studies are needed in the future.</p></div

Sensitivity analyses for the accuracy of PLA2R-AB test on iMN detection.

<p>Sensitivity analyses for the accuracy of PLA2R-AB test on iMN detection.</p

Subgroup analysis for accuracy of PLA2R-AB for MN detection.

<p>Subgroup analysis for accuracy of PLA2R-AB for MN detection.</p

Forrest plots of the sensitivity and specificity of each individual study, summary sensitivity and specificity and I² statistic for heterogeneity.

<p>Forrest plots of the sensitivity and specificity of each individual study, summary sensitivity and specificity and I² statistic for heterogeneity.</p

Flowchart for identification of studies.

<p>Flowchart for identification of studies.</p

Proportion of all 14 quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool criteria that were fulfilled for the studies included in the meta-analysis.

<p>Proportion of all 14 quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool criteria that were fulfilled for the studies included in the meta-analysis.</p