Synthesis of Oxazoles by Tandem Cycloisomerization/Allylic Alkylation of Propargyl Amides with Allylic Alcohols: Zn(OTf)₂ as π Acid and σ Acid Catalyst

A Zn­(OTf)₂-catalyzed tandem cycloisomerization/allylic alkylation of <i>N</i>-(propargyl)­arylamides and allylic alcohols to produce oxazole derivatives has been successfully developed. The zinc catalyst served as π acid and also σ acid in this reaction. The target allylic oxazoles have been transformed into multisubstituted diene structures, which are potential aggregation-induced emission active optical materials

Graphical representation of the PCA results for the nutrient profiles of the colostrum and mature milk from TC, C, and N animals.

<p>Graphical representation of the PCA results for the nutrient profiles of the colostrum and mature milk from TC, C, and N animals.</p

Differentially expressed protein spots with great than 2-fold changes (<i>p</i>≤0.05) in the TC and the C group compared to N group.

<p>The red and green arrows indicate the protein spots that were significantly up- and downregulated, respectively, by at least 2-fold.</p

List of the proteins differentially expressed in the transgenic and cloned groups compare to normal group.

*<p>Proteins not identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF; ^†Upregulated proteins showing greater than 2-fold changes in the TC (LZ, LA and LF) and C groups compared to N group (<i>p</i>≤0.05); ^‡No function annotation; ^§Downregulated proteins showing greater than 2-fold changes in the TC and C groups compared to N group (<i>p</i>≤0.05).</p

Comprehensive Assessment of Milk Composition in Transgenic Cloned Cattle

<div><p>The development of transgenic cloned animals offers new opportunities for agriculture, biomedicine and environmental science. Expressing recombinant proteins in dairy animals to alter their milk composition is considered beneficial for human health. However, relatively little is known about the expression profile of the proteins in milk derived from transgenic cloned animals. In this study, we compared the proteome and nutrient composition of the colostrum and mature milk from three lines of transgenic cloned (TC) cattle that specifically express human α-lactalbumin (TC-LA), lactoferrin (TC-LF) or lysozyme (TC-LZ) in the mammary gland with those from cloned non-transgenic (C) and conventionally bred normal animals (N). Protein expression profile identification was performed, 37 proteins were specifically expressed in the TC animals and 70 protein spots that were classified as 22 proteins with significantly altered expression levels in the TC and C groups compared to N group. Assessment of the relationship of the transgene effect and normal variability in the milk protein profiles in each group indicated that the variation in the endogenous protein profiles of the three TC groups was within the limit of natural variability. More than 50 parameters for the colostrum and mature milk were compared between each TC group and the N controls. The data revealed essentially similar profiles for all groups. This comprehensive study demonstrated that in TC cattle the mean values for the measured milk parameters were all within the normal range, suggesting that the expression of a transgene does not affect the composition of milk.</p> </div

Soft Particles of Gemini Surfactant/Conjugated Polymer for Enhanced Anticancer Activity of Chemotherapeutics

In this work, we developed a kind of novel nontoxic soft particle self-assembled by gemini surfactant (SDHC) and conjugated polymer (PMNT). The soft particle shows strong ability in incorporating into cell membrane, and alters the membrane permeability, especially under light irradiation. The anticancer activities of doxorubicin (DOX) were enhanced 6–9 times after cancer cells were treated with the soft particles under light irradiation. The cell viabilities of three kinds of cancer cells testify that this effect of the soft particles on chemotherapy is universal. This work provides a new strategy to enhance the anticancer activities of drugs

List of the proteins specifically expressed in the transgenic groups.

*<p>Proteins not detected by LC-MS/MS in the transgenic groups (LZ, LA and LF); ^†Proteins detected by LC-MS/MS; ^‡No function annotation.</p

Percentage of AMF colonization in the roots of Bt and non-Bt maize harvested in the fifth season.

<p>The values are presented as means ± SEs (n = 3); the same letter in each column indicates that the differences were not significant at the 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.</p

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination plots of the AM fungal community structure, which is based on the TRFs for each enzyme, in the roots, rhizospheric soils, and bulk soils harvested at the fifth season.

<p>The filled square represents 5422, the circle represents 5422Bt1, and the triangle represents 5422CBCL. The key indicated the formula: sample type-restriction enzyme. A = bulk soils; B = rhizospheric soil; C = roots; 1 = <i>MboI</i>; and 2 = <i>TaqI</i>. The 95% confidence interval ellipses were not shown because the sample dot is too concentrated to distinguish if they were included (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0146041#pone.0146041.s001" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a> to view the 95% confidence interval ellipses).</p

Neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree (linearized tree) showing the relationships between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal phylotypes from the Bt and non-Bt maize that were inferred from the partial nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences of the 18S small subunit, internal transcribed spacer 1, the 5.8S ribosomal subunit, internal transcribed spacer 2, and the 28S ribosomal subunit.

<p>The bootstrap values above the branches are from the NJ analysis (1000 replicates). The <i>scale bars</i> indicate the average number of nucleotide substitutions per site. The sequence was also named according to the convention “maize variety-sample type-replicate number-the number generated in the cloning process (accession number)”.</p