Probiotic-Based bacteriocin: Immunity supplementation against viruses. An updated review

Viral infections are a major cause of severe, fatal diseases worldwide. Recently, these infections have increased due to demanding contextual circumstances, such as environmental changes, increased migration of people and product distribution, rapid demographic changes, and outbreaks of novel viruses, including the COVID-19 outbreak. Internal variables that influence viral immunity have received attention along with these external causes to avert such novel viral outbreaks. The gastrointestinal microbiome (GIM), particularly the present probiotics, plays a vital role in the host immune system by mediating host protective immunity and acting as an immune regulator. Bacteriocins possess numerous health benefits and exhibit antagonistic activity against enteric pathogens and immunobiotics, thereby inhibiting viral infections. Moreover, disrupting the homeostasis of the GIM/host immune system negatively affects viral immunity. The interactions between bacteriocins and infectious viruses, particularly in COVID-19, through improved host immunity and physiology are complex and have not yet been studied, although several studies have proven that bacteriocins influence the outcomes of viral infections. However, the complex transmission to the affected sites and siRNA defense against nuclease digestion lead to challenging clinical trials. Additionally, bacteriocins are well known for their biofunctional properties and underlying mechanisms in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. However, few studies have shown the role of probiotics-derived bacteriocin against viral infections. Thus, based on the results of the previous studies, this review lays out a road map for future studies on bacteriocins for treating viral infections

Conjugated Polymers and ROMP: Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects for Technological Innovations

This article presents a succinct review of conjugated polymers, with special attention given to the significant impact of ROMP in their synthesis. ROMP enables precise control over the architecture of polymers and facilitates the integration of diverse monomers, Notably, PPVs and Norbornene derivatives have become commonly used ROMP monomers due to their high reactivity and compatibility with various functional groups. The review also explores recent developments in the practical application of conjugated semiconducting polymers. These studies demonstrate the promising potential of these materials across different industries and fields of research. With the versatility of ROMP, researchers can produce tailor-made materials with enhanced optoelectronic properties, opening up new possibilities for technological advancements. As research continues to progress, conjugated polymers are poised to revolutionize areas such as organic electronics, flexible devices, and bioelectronics, offering exciting prospects for future innovations