Refractive status in late postoperative capsular bag distension syndrome.

<p>The averaged refractive error in late postoperative capsular bag distension syndrome were shown with 95% confidence interval. Each measurement was performed at 2 months after cataract surgery (postoperative), before laser capsulotomy (pre-capsulotomy), and 1 week after laser capsulotomy (post-capsulotomy).</p

Axial length and anterior chamber depth measured by IOLMaster for both pseudophakic eyes with unilateral capsular bag distension syndrome.

<p>ACD = anterior chamber depth; AXL = axial length; CBDS = capsular bag distension syndrome.</p><p>Axial length and anterior chamber depth measured by IOLMaster for both pseudophakic eyes with unilateral capsular bag distension syndrome.</p

Comparison of spherical equivalent changes in late postoperative capsular bag distension syndrome.

<p>Predicted spherical equivalent change and the actual refractive error change induced by laser capsulotomy in late postoperative capsular bag distension syndrome were compared in each patient. Difference between refractive error changes suggests that refractive material in capsular bag may play a major role in the myopic shift.</p

Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Persistent asthma phenotype related with late-onset, high atopy, and low socioeconomic status in school-aged Korean children

Tree analysis using latent class analysis in four asthma phenotypes. Definition of abbreviations: BHR methacholine PC20 < 8 mg/ml. (TIF 736 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Modification of additive effect between vitamins and ETS on childhood asthma risk according to GSTP1 polymorphism : a cross -sectional study

Characteristics of the study population and subjects not included in the current analysis (DOC 43 kb

Comparison of indoor environmental factors between the16 children with children’s interstitial lung diseases and their 47 matched control.

a<p>Variables in the previous 1 year.</p>*<p><i>P</i><0.05.</p

Comparison of outdoor environmental factors between the16 children with children’s interstitial lung diseases and their 47 matched controls.

a<p>Variables in the previous 1 year.</p

Case ascertainment criteria.

<p>(A) Chest radiography showing diffuse, ill-defined ground-glass opacities and several ill-defined small nodular opacities in both lungs (in the 4 weeks after respiratory symptoms started). (B) Chest computed tomography showing diffuse centrilobular nodules in both lungs, with ground-glass opacities suggestive of peribronchiolar fibrosis (in the 4 weeks after respiratory symptoms started). (C) The most striking histological feature, interstitial thickening and fibrosis with a centrilobular distribution and relative sparing of the subpleural parenchyma (upper one-third). Original magnification ×40. (D) Interstitial fibroblasts proliferating in a pale myxoid stroma (arrows) and collapsed alveolar spaces lined by activated pneumocytes (arrowhead). Original magnification ×200.</p

Univariate analysis of the association between the use of a humidifier disinfectant and the risk of children’s interstitial lung diseases in 1∶3 matched case and control.

a<p>Variables in the previous 1 year.</p>b<p>Univariate analysis; conditional logistic regression analysis.</p>c<p>Immune-suppressive therapy, general anaesthesia, transfusion, admission within 6 months, and prior use of antibiotics within 1 month.</p>d<p>The occurrence of any of the following in the previous 6 months: autoimmune disease, chronic liver disease, chronic renal insufficiency, neurologic diseases with immobility, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, diabetes.</p>e<p>Garbage incinerator, sewage treatment plants, factory, chemical treatment area, plants, farm/orchard, cattle shed/pigsty, and power station.</p

Additive Effect between IL-13 Polymorphism and Cesarean Section Delivery/Prenatal Antibiotics Use on Atopic Dermatitis: A Birth Cohort Study (COCOA)

<div><p>Background</p><p>Although cesarean delivery and prenatal exposure to antibiotics are likely to affect the gut microbiome in infancy, their effect on the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infancy is unclear. The influence of individual genotypes on these relationships is also unclear. To evaluate with a prospective birth cohort study whether cesarean section, prenatal exposure to antibiotics, and susceptible genotypes act additively to promote the development of AD in infancy.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The Cohort for Childhood of Asthma and Allergic Diseases (COCOA) was selected from the general Korean population. A pediatric allergist assessed 412 infants for the presence of AD at 1 year of age. Their cord blood DNA was subjected to interleukin (IL)-13 (rs20541) and cluster-of-differentiation (CD)14 (rs2569190) genotype analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>The combination of cesarean delivery and prenatal exposure to antibiotics associated significantly and positively with AD (adjusted odds ratio, 5.70; 95% CI, 1.19–27.3). The association between cesarean delivery and AD was significantly modified by parental history of allergic diseases or risk-associated IL-13 (rs20541) and CD14 (rs2569190) genotypes. There was a trend of interaction between IL-13 (rs20541) and delivery mode with respect to the subsequent risk of AD. (<i>P</i> for interaction = 0.039) Infants who were exposed prenatally to antibiotics and were born by cesarean delivery had a lower total microbiota diversity in stool samples at 6 months of age than the control group. As the number of these risk factors increased, the AD risk rose (trend p<0.05).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Cesarean delivery and prenatal antibiotic exposure may affect the gut microbiota, which may in turn influence the risk of AD in infants. These relationships may be shaped by the genetic predisposition.</p></div