ML-enhanced live video streaming in offline mobile ad hoc networks: An applied approach

Live video streaming has become one of the main multimedia trends in networks in recent years. Providing Quality of Service (QoS) during live transmissions is challenging due to the stringent requirements for low latency and minimal interruptions. This scenario has led to a high dependence on cloud services, implying a widespread usage of Internet connections, which constrains contexts in which an Internet connection is not available. Thus, alternatives such as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) emerge as potential communication techniques. These networks operate autonomously with mobile devices serving as nodes, without the need for coordinating centralized components. However, these characteristics lead to challenges to live video streaming, such as dynamic node topologies or periods of disconnection. Considering these constraints, this paper investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based classification techniques to provide adaptive streaming in MANETs. For this, a software-driven architecture is proposed to route stream in offline MANETs, predicting the stability of individual links and compressing video frames accordingly. The proposal is implemented and assessed in a laboratory context, in which the model performance and QoS metrics are analyzed. As a result, the model is implemented in a decision forest algorithm, which provides 95.9% accuracy. Also, the obtained latency values become assumable for video streaming, manifesting a reliable response for routing and node movements.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Improving Delivery Probability in Mobile Opportunistic Networks with Social-Based Routing

There are contexts where TCP/IP is not suitable for performing data transmission due to long delays, timeouts, network partitioning, and interruptions. In these scenarios, mobile opportunistic networks (MONs) are a valid option, providing asynchronous transmissions in dynamic topologies. These architectures exploit physical encounters and persistent storage to communicate nodes that lack a continuous end-to-end path. In recent years, many routing algorithms have been based on social interactions. Smartphones and wearables are in vogue, applying social information to optimize paths between nodes. This work proposes Refine Social Broadcast (RSB), a social routing algorithm. RSB uses social behavior and node interests to refine the message broadcast in the network, improving the delivery probability while reducing redundant data duplication. The proposal combines the identification of the most influential nodes to carry the information toward the destination with interest-based routing. To evaluate the performance, RSB is applied to a simulated case of use based on a realistic loneliness detection methodology in elderly adults. The obtained delivery probability, latency, overhead, and hops are compared with the most popular social-based routers, namely, EpSoc, SimBet, and BubbleRap. RSB manifests a successful delivery probability, exceeding the second-best result (SimBet) by 17% and reducing the highest overhead (EpSoc) by 97%.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Arquitectura sostenible de comunicación oportunista para despliegue de aplicaciones edge-fog-cloud en zonas rurales

Programa de Doctorado en Programa de Tecnologías Informáticas (TIN)Existen zonas rurales aisladas que carecen de infraestructuras para desplegar aplicaciones distribuidas o sistemas de Internet de las Cosas (IoT). Factores como las limitaciones geográficas o el alto coste de inversión motivan la falta de acceso a Internet en estas regiones, impidiendo así su digitalización. Considerando este contexto, el presente trabajo de tesis propone una arquitectura sostenible de comunicación oportunista que aplica el modelo Edge-Fog-Cloud para el despliegue de aplicaciones distribuidas en entornos que carecen de conexión a Internet. Para ello, se compone una capa Edge conformada por dispositivos finales que reciben y emiten información mediante comunicaciones oportunistas basadas en interfaces de corto alcance. Esta estrategia aprovecha los desplazamientos y encuentros físicos de los dispositivos para acercar la información hasta nodos Fog, equipados con acceso a Internet y capaces de comunicarse con los nodos Cloud. La propuesta de tesis detalla las entidades y procesos involucrados en la arquitectura, definiendo diferentes algoritmos de encaminamiento que aplican métricas basadas en el comportamiento individual de los nodos para optimizar la transmisión de información. Con el objetivo de evaluar la solución, se plantea un conjunto de aplicaciones y escenarios, estudiando la calidad de servicio y comparando los resultados con alternativas. Además, se determina el consumo energético de la propuesta, así como la viabilidad en el uso de energía solar para suministrar corriente a elementos de la red. Como conclusión, la propuesta denota resultados positivos, con un consumo energético viable y sostenible, alcanzando unas métricas de calidad de servicio superiores a las alternativas.Isolated rural areas lack infrastructure for deploying distributed applications or Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Geographic constraints or high investment costs cause internet access deprivation, hindering digitalization. Given this context, this thesis proposes a sustainable opportunistic communication architecture using the Edge-Fog-Cloud model to deploy applications in áreas lacking internet connection. It includes an Edge layer made up of end devices that receive and transmit information through short-range, opportunistic communications. This strategy uses device movements and encounters to convey information to Fog nodes, equipped with internet access and capable of communicating with Cloud nodes. The thesis outlines the entities and processes in the architecture, defining different routing algorithms that apply individual-node-behaviour metrics to optimize information transmission. To evaluate the solution, a set of applications and scenarios are proposed, studying service quality and comparing results with alternatives. Additionally, it assesses the energy consumption of the proposal, as well as the feasibility of using solar energy to power network elements. In conclusion, the proposal shows positive results, with feasible and sustainable energy consumption, achieving superior service quality metrics than alternatives

A Novel Routing Scheme for Creating Opportunistic Context-Virtual Networks in IoT Scenarios

The massive amount of traffic required by the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm can be supported by the imminent arrival of 5G next-generation networks. However, the limited capacity of resources in IoT nodes, e.g., battery lifetime or buffer space, opens a challenge to be taken into account when proposing new routing solutions on IoT scenarios with intermittent connectivity. In this paper, we propose the concept of Opportunistic Context-Virtual Networks (OCVNs). The novelty of this approach is to create virtual groups of nodes that share interests in common for routing purposes. Therefore, only the nodes that are interested in the content of the messages that are flowing throughout the network are used as relaying nodes, providing their own resources for the sake of the communication. By leveraging the use of store-carry-and-forward mechanisms, a novel routing algorithm is proposed and evaluated over two realistic scenarios. Experimental results reveal that our solution outperforms other well-known opportunistic routing algorithms in terms of delivery probability and overhead ratio, while resource usage of relaying nodes is significantly reduced

OPPNets and Rural Areas: An Opportunistic Solution for Remote Communications

Many rural areas along Spain do not have access to the Internet. Despite the huge spread of technology that has taken place during recent years, some rural districts and isolated villages have a lack of proper communication infrastructures. Moreover, these areas and the connected regions are notably experiencing a technological gap. As a consequence of this, the implementation of technological health solutions becomes impracticable in these zones where demographic conditions are especially particular. Thus, inhabitants over 65 suppose a large portion of such population, and many elderly people live alone at their homes. These circumstances also impact on local businesses which are widely related to the agricultural and livestock industry. Taking into account this situation, this paper proposes a solution based on an opportunistic network algorithm which enables the deployment of technological communication solutions for both elderly healthcare and livestock industrial activities in rural areas. This way, two applications are proposed: a presence detection platform for elderly people who live alone and an analytic performance measurement system for livestock. The algorithm is evaluated considering several simulations under multiple conditions, comparing the delivery probability, latency, and overhead outcomes with other well-known opportunistic routing algorithms. As a result, the proposed solution quadruples the delivery probability of Prophet, which presents the best results among the benchmark solutions and greatly reduces the overhead regarding other solutions such as Epidemic or Prophet. This way, the proposed approach provides a reliable mechanism for the data transmission in these scenarios

A self-sustainable opportunistic solution for emergency detection in ageing people living in rural areas

There are contexts where communication with TCP/IP protocol is not possible due to the lack of infrastructure or a reliable and continuous data transmission. In this cases, alternatives such as Opportunistic Networks (OPPNets) are valid. Such challenging conditions are common in rural areas and are a significant obstacle for the deployment of eHealth technologies for older adults. Considering this context, the present work introduces Interest-based System for Communication in Isolated Areas (ISCA), an OPPNet architecture for remote monitoring and emergency detection in ageing people who live alone. For this, the energetic requirements are considered, providing efficient and sustainable operation. The proposal makes use of a routing algorithm based on interests which enables asynchronous communication among entities. ISCA is evaluated over a realistic scenario and compared with similar state-of-the-art solutions. Experimental results show that ISCA notably improves the delivery probability with an enhancement of 52.25% in comparison to the second best alternative and provides a suitable average latency. Moreover, it also achieves better performance in terms of overhead and hops number compared to the other studied protocols.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

An opportunistic routing solution to monitor isolated elderly people in rural areas

Countries are experiencing a global population ageing. It is estimated that the percentage of third age people will notably increase in next decades, implying a difficult challenge to society. Rural areas are the most affected locations by these conditions. Currently, small vil- lages are facing an increasing ageing of population where almost 40% of inhabitants are over 65. Medical needs are one of the most relevant aspects in this context. This factor, in conjunction with other reasons such as loneliness, motivates technological solutions. Despite this, Inter- net is not accessible from rural and low income areas, due to the lack of interest from the operator side to invest in these locations. In this paper, an opportunistic routing solution based on BLE is proposed, with the aim of monitoring loneliness population in order to detect potential emergencies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio