Sopron és környéke a Kr.e. utolsó évezredben - A Sopron-krautackeri későbronzkori és vaskori telep és temető = Sopron and its surrounding area in the first millennium BC - Late Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement and cemetery at Sopron-Krautacker

Fő célkitűzésünk, a 15 évig tartó soproni ásatás teljes leletanyagának végleges publikációra való előkészítése megvalósult. A program kivitelezésén a DAAD támogatásával egy 9 tagú magyar és német régészekből álló team és még jó néhány természettudományos szakember dolgozik. Az évek során elvégzett munka tapasztalatai befolyásolták a kutatási stratégiát és szemléletváltást eredményeztek. Előtérbe kerültek a gazdaságtörténeti és ökológiai szempontok, ezek komplex értékelését a régebbi és újonnan végzett sokoldalú környezetrégészeti, valamint archaeometriai vizsgálatok tették lehetővé. A telep és temetők leleteinek részletes kronológiai elemzése, egyúttal a környező lelőhelyek korban párhuzamos anyagainak tanulmányozása alapján megállapítottuk, hogy a Lajta- és Soproni-hegység, illetve a Fertő tó között elhelyezkedő mikrorégió központja az őskorban - már a korábban e területen alig ismert neolitikumtól kezdve - Sopron és közvetlen környéke volt. A fejlődés felgyorsulása azonban különösen az általunk hangsúlyosan kutatott későbronzkortól és vaskortól kezdve figyelhető meg. Az új kutatások alapján a késővaskori fazekasság és vasfeldolgozás alapvető hatással volt a kulturális és szociális változásokra és érthetővé teszi azt a kézműipar fejlődésével összefüggő átalakulást, amelyet a Sopron-krautackeri telepen a kelta gazdaság és az azzal összefüggő távolsági kapcsolatok szemléltetnek a mintegy 500 éves európai, római kort megelőző fejlődéssel összhangban. | The main aim of our project - that is, preparing the finds of the 15-year excavation at Sopron for publication - has been completed. A team of nine Hungarian and German archaeologists, as well as a number of other specialists, have been working on the realisation of the programme with the support of the DAAD. The experiences gathered along the years have influenced our initial research strategy and therefore resulted in a change of perspective. Economic historical and ecological aspects have come to the forefront, whose complex evaluation has been made possible by comprehensive environmental and archaeometrical studies. After a detailed chronological survey, as well as the analysis of contemporary materials from neighbouring sites, we have established that the prehistoric centre of the microregion between the Lajta Mountains and Lake Fertő was Sopron and its immediate environs, right from the Neolithic onwards (a period that has been hardly known before in the area). An increase in the pace of development is especially obvious from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages onwards, which have been the focal points of our investigation. Based on new research, it seems that Late Iron Age pottery making and iron production had a fundamental impact on cultural and social changes and cast light on the transformation of craftsmanship, which is demonstrated by the existence of a Celtic economy and the long-distance trade, in line with 500 years of pre-Roman European development

New insights on Celtic migration in Hungary and Italy through the analysis of non-metric dental traits

The Iron Age is characterized by an extended interweaving of movements by Celts in Europe. Several waves of Celts from Western and Central Europe migrated southeast and west from the core area of the La Téne culture (between Bourgogne and Bohemia). Through the analysis of non-metric dental traits, this work aims to understand the biological relationship among Celtic groups arrived in Italy and the Carpathian Basin, as well as between local populations and Celtic newcomers. A total of 10 non-metric dental traits were analyzed to evaluate biological affinities among Celts (Sopron-Krautacker and Pilismarót-Basaharc) and Scythians-related populations from Hungary (Tápiószele), Celts from continental Europe (Switzerland and Austria), two Iron Age Etruscan-Celtic sites from northern Italy (Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele), 13 Iron Age central-southern Italic necropolises, and the northern Italian Bronze Age necropolis of Scalvinetto. Strontium isotopes were measured on individuals from the necropolis of Monte Bibele to infer their local or non-local origin. Results highlight the existence of statistically significant differences between Celts and autochthonous Italian groups. Celtic groups from Hungary and Italy (i.e., non-local individuals of Monterenzio Vecchio and Monte Bibele) share a similar biological background, supporting the historical records mentioning a common origin for Celts migrated to the eastern and southern borders of today’s Europe. The presence of a supposed Steppean ancestry both in Celts from Hungary and Celts from northern Italy corroborates the hypothesis of the existence of a westward migration of individuals and genes from the Steppe towards northern Italy during the Bronze and Iron Age, which contributed to the biological variability of pre-Celtic and later Celtic populations, respectively. Conversely, individuals from central-southern Italy show an autochthonous pre-Iron Age background. Lastly, this work supports the existence of Celtic migratory routes in northern Italy, as shown by biological and cultural admixture between Celts and Italics living together.E.P. was funded from the Erasmus+ Traineeship Program/KA103, Agreement n. 2020-1-IT02-KA103-078332. T.H. and K.G. were supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (FK128013), the Bolyai Scholarship granted by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the ÚNKP-22-5 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Nord-Süd, Ost-West : Kontakte während der Eisenzeit in Europa : Akten der internationalen Tagungen der AG Eisenzeit in Hamburg und Sopron 2002

International audienc