Orações adverbiais reduzidas de gerúndio: o ensino do português e a perspectiva da gramática discursivofuncional

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central discutir o modo como são tratadas as orações adverbiais reduzidas de gerúndio pelas gramáticas prescritivas e pelos livros didáticos, orientados pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs), com a finalidade de verificar em que grau essa abordagem se aproxima ou se distancia da descrição deste tipo de adverbial no uso cotidiano. Para tanto, foram utilizados os fundamentos metodológicos da Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD e MACKENZIE, 2008), verificando-se como tais embasamentos podem contribuir para que se faça uma abordagem mais ampla das orações adverbiais reduzidas de gerúndio, levando os alunos à reflexão sobre o uso e o funcionamento da língua. Para a análise dos dados, foram utilizadas ocorrências de uso real extraídas da mídia virtual que compõe a esfera jornalística. Os dados revelam que, dependendo da situação comunicativa em que estão inseridas, elas podem autorizar mais de uma interpretação, possíveis de serem recuperadas pela intuição do interlocutor por meio do próprio contexto; também revelam que as orações adverbiais reduzidas de gerúndio possuem sujeito correferencial ao da oração principal, são orações factuais e, geralmente, apresentam-se como estadode-coisas

A database of the size of all extant or extinct mammals from the Holocene or Late Pleistocene

An excel-sheet with the sizes and island status of all mammalian species. A full description is found in the first worksheet entitled Metadat

Future changes in society and climate may strongly shape wild large-herbivore faunas across Europe - Supplementary material

Restoring wild communities of large herbivores is critical for the conservation of biodiverse ecosystems, but environmental changes in the twenty-first century could drastically affect the availability of habitats. We projected future habitat dynamics for 18 wild large herbivores in Europe and the relative future potential patterns of species richness and assemblage mean body weight considering four alternative scenarios of socioeconomic development in human society (SSP1-RCP2.6, SSP2-RCP4.5, SSP3-RCP7.0, SSP5-RCP8.5). Under SSP1-RCP2.6, corresponding to a transition towards sustainable development, we found stable habitat suitability for most species and overall stable assemblage mean body weight compared to the present, with average increase in species richness (in 2100: 3.03 ± 1.55 compared to today′s 2.25 ± 1.31 species/area). The other scenarios are generally unfavorable for the conservation of wild large herbivores, although under SSP5-RCP8.5 scenario there would be increase in species richness and assemblage mean body weight in some southern regions (e.g. + 62.86 kg mean body weight in Balkans/Greece). Our results suggest that a shift towards a sustainable socioeconomic development would be overall the best perspective to maintain or even increase the diversity of wild herbivore assemblages in Europe, thereby promoting trophic complexity and the potential to restore functioning and self-regulating ecosystems.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biodiversity dynamics and stewardship in a transforming biosphere’

Dataset for the diversity of diversity studies: retrospectives and future directions

<p>Diversity is a critical concept for ecology and evolution and one of the most political. The use and delineation of this concept however is broad and applies to a wide spectrum of studies spanning genes and populations to regional and even global patterns of biotic assemblages including map- ping, measuring, interactions, phylogenetics, speciation, and conservation (Purvis and Hector 2000). Management and environmental lobbyists also use declining diversity as a means to justify policy decisions (Sarkar et al. 2006, Heller and Zavaleta 2009, Rands et al. 2010, Wong et al. 2015) yet in some instances diversity is not universally declining nor necessarily linked to function (Naeem 2002, Thomas 2013, Dornelas et al. 2014, Oliver and Morecroft 2014). Here, we do not wish to engage in the biodiversity-ecosystem func- tion debate (Huston 1997, Loreau et al. 2001, Srivastava and Vellend 2005, Weigelt et al. 2008) nor enter into a protracted conservation values discussion (Chee 2004, Brooks et al. 2006, Wong et al. 2015) but rather to identify the most important current and promising elements in the primary study of diversity – particularly since the ‘diversity of diversity studies’ has expanded profoundly in the last several years. A cursory search on Web of Science in 2015, restricted to the last 2 yr, simply for ecology, biodiversity, and evolu- tion literally lists thousands of relevant publications in almost every subdomain of these fields. Here, we have provided retrospective and future directions from a representative set of topics from within this field. These papers were derived from a set of oral presentations at the Nordic Society special symposium during the Intecol 11th INTECOL congress ‘Ecology: into the next 100 years’ in 2013.</p

Recent tree cover increases in eastern China linked to low, declining human pressure, steep topography, and climatic conditions favoring tree growth

<div><p>Globally, the extent of forest continues to decline, however, some countries have increased their forest extent in recent years. China is one of these countries and has managed to increase their tree cover through huge reforestation and afforestation programs during recent decades as well as land abandonment dynamics. This study investigates tree cover change in the eastern half of China between 2000 and 2010 on three different scales, using random forest modeling of remote sensing data for tree cover in relation to environmental and anthropogenic predictor variables. Our results show that between the years 2000 and 2010 2,667,875 km² experienced an increase in tree cover while 1,854,900 km² experienced a decline in tree cover. The area experiencing ≥10% increase in tree cover is almost twice as large as the area with ≥10% drop in tree cover. There is a clear relation between topography and tree cover change with steeper and mid-elevation areas having a larger response on tree cover increase than other areas. Furthermore, human influence, change in population density, and actual evapotranspiration are also important factors in explaining where tree cover has changed. This study adds to the understanding of tree cover change in China, as it has focus on the entire eastern half of China on three different scales and how tree cover change is linked to topography and anthropogenic pressure. Though, our results show an increase in tree cover in China, this study emphasizes the importance of incorporating anthropogenic factors together with biodiversity protection into the reforestation and afforestation programs in the future.</p></div

Variable importance for the random forest models for the county and prefecture scale (top axis) and the 5×5 km grid cells scale (bottom axis).

<p>The variable importance is calculated by comparing the mean squared error from models with the original dataset with the mean squared error from models with an altered dataset where the predictor variable is randomly permuted. Acronyms: AET = actual evapotranspiration, PC00-10 = Change in population density between 2000 and 2010, GDP/Area = gross domestic product per km², HII = Human Influence Index.</p

Variable importance for the random forest models for the county and prefecture scale (top axis) and the 5×5 km grid cells scale (bottom axis).

<p>The variable importance is calculated by comparing the mean squared error from models with the original dataset with the mean squared error from models with an altered dataset where the predictor variable is randomly permuted. Acronyms: AET = actual evapotranspiration, PC00-10 = Change in population density between 2000 and 2010, GDP/Area = gross domestic product per km², HII = Human Influence Index.</p

Partial dependence plots of the variables in the random forest model on county scale.

<p><b>a)</b> slope, <b>b)</b> elevation, <b>c)</b> GDP per square kilometer, <b>d)</b> actual evapotranspiration, and <b>e)</b> change in population density between 2000 and 2010. The ticks inside the graphs indicate the deciles for the data. The x-axis in partial dependence plot <b>c)</b> has been cut off so big outliners above the 9^th decile are not shown. See supporting information <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177552#pone.0177552.s007" target="_blank">S6D Fig</a> for the complete partial dependence plot of GDP per square kilometer. The x-axis in partial dependence plot <b>e)</b> has been cut off at the 1^st and 9^th decile, so the graph only shows the mid 80 percent of the data. See supporting information <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177552#pone.0177552.s007" target="_blank">S6C Fig</a> for the complete partial dependence plot of change in population density between 2000 and 2010.</p

Tree cover change in percent between 2000 and 2010 (TCC) for 5×5 km grid cells.

<p>Green colors indicate an increase, gray colors indicate a slight increase or decrease and red colors indicate a decrease in tree cover between 2000 and 2010. See supporting information <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177552#pone.0177552.s006" target="_blank">S5 Fig</a> for tree cover change (TCC) on county and prefecture scale.</p

Recent tree cover increases in eastern China linked to low, declining human pressure, steep topography, and climatic conditions favoring tree growth - Fig 1

<p><b>Study area and a) actual evapotranspiration for China and b) Study area and tree cover 2000 for China</b>. See supporting information <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177552#pone.0177552.s002" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a> for tree cover 2010 for China.</p