Observations of Single-Event Memory Upsets On the UoSAT-2 Satellite

This paper describes observations of single-event memory upsets in the UoSAT-2 satellite Digital Communications Experiment. Two years of SEU observations for Harris 6564 memories are included, presented both as error rate statistics and as a map of satellite orbital location at the time of error occurrence. The results presented here are the preliminary observations in a long-term single-event upset study funded by ESA-ESTEC

Digging into Algorithms: Legal Ethics and Legal Access

The current discussions around algorithms, legal ethics, and expanding legal access through technological tools gravitate around two themes: (1) protection of the integrity of the legal profession and (2) a desire to ensure greater access to legal services. The hype cycle often pits the desire to protect the integrity of the legal profession against the ability to use algorithms to provide greater access to legal services, as though they are mutually exclusive. In reality, the arguments around protecting the profession from the threats posed by algorithms represent an over-fit in relation to what algorithms can actually achieve, while the visions of employing algorithms for access to justice initiatives represent an under- fit in relation to what algorithms could provide. A lack of precision about algorithms results in blunt protections of professional integrity leaving little room for the potential benefits of algorithmic tools. In other words, this incongruence persists because of imprecise understandings and unrealistic characterizations of the algorithmic technologies and how they fit within the broader technology of law itself. This Article provides an initial set of tools for empowering lawyers with a better understanding of, and critical engagement with, algorithms. With the goal of encouraging a more nuanced discussion around the ethical dimensions of using algorithms in legal technology—a discussion that better fits technological reality—the Article argues for lawyers and non-technologists to shift away from evaluating legal technology through a lens of mere algorithms— as though they can be evaluated outside of a specific context—to a focus on understanding algorithmic systems as technology created, manipulated, and used in a particular context. To make this argument, this Article first reviews the current use of algorithms in legal settings, both criminal and civil, reviewing the related literature and regulatory responses. This Article then uses the shortcomings of legal technology lamented by the current literature and the related regulatory responses to demonstrate the importance of shifting our collective paradigm from a consideration of law and algorithms to law and algorithmic systems. Finally, this Article offers a framework for use in assessing algorithmic systems and applies the framework to algorithmic systems employed in the legal context to demonstrate its usefulness in accurately separating true tensions from those that merely reverberate through the hype cycle. In using the framework to reveal areas at the intersection of law and algorithms truly most ripe for progress, this Article concludes with a call to action for more careful design of both legal systems and algorithmic ones

Microsatellite Constellation for Disaster Monitoring

Every year natural and manmade disasters cause devastation around the World through loss of life, widespread human suffering, and huge economic losses. Remote sensing satellites can contribute to mitigation of this devastation through early warning, event monitoring, and after-theevent studies. Unfortunately, present satellite remote sensing systems do not provide the high temporal resolution required for this activity. Additionally, the images they provide come at high cost per scene. The Surrey Space Centre at the University of Surrey has designed a constellation of remote sensing micro satellites that delivers 35 m ground resolution over a 600 km width scene in up to four spectral bands. Cost-benefit tradeoffs show that such images can fulfil many needs with the disaster monitoring community. However, spatial and spectral resolution are not the primary requirements for disaster monitoring; Disaster monitoring users demand high temporal resolution. Emerging manmade or natural disasters must be monitored on a daily basis if mitigation efforts are to be effective. Low-cost microsatellites applied in large constellations provide the only cost-effective solution to this design driver. This paper reports the details of Surrey\u27s Disaster Monitoring Constellation, describing the key subsystem technologies which deliver the desired price/performance ratio, and the overall system design which exploits the low unit cost of micro satellites to deliver a large constellation in affordable and useful increments

Transcriptome Analysis of \u3ci\u3eBifidobacterium Longum\u3c/i\u3e Strains that Show a Differential Response to Hydrogen Peroxide Stress

Consumer and commercial interest in foods containing probiotic bifidobacteria is increasing. However, because bifidobacteria are anaerobic, oxidative stress can diminish cell viability during production and storage of bioactive foods. We previously found Bifidobacterium longum strain NCC2705 had signifi- cantly greater intrinsic and inducible resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than strain D2957. Here, we explored the basis for these differences by examining the transcriptional responses of both strains to sub-lethal H2O2 exposure for 5- or 60-min. Strain NCC2705 had 288 genes that were differentially expressed after the 5-min treatment and 114 differentially expressed genes after the 60-min treatment. In contrast, strain D2957 had only 21 and 90 differentially expressed genes after the 5- and 60-min treatments, respectively. Both strains showed up-regulation of genes coding enzymes implicated in oxidative stress resistance, such as thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin, ferredoxin, glutaredoxin, and anaerobic ribonucleotide reductase, but induction levels were typically highest in NCC2705. Compared to D2957, NCC2705 also had more up-regulated genes involved in transcriptional regulation and more down-regulated genes involved in sugar transport and metabolism. These results provide a greater understanding of the molecular basis for oxidative stress resistance in B. longum and the factors that contribute to strain-to-strain variability in survival in bioactive food products

Genetic and Physiological Responses of \u3ci\u3eBifidobacterium animalis\u3c/i\u3e subsp. \u3ci\u3elactis\u3c/i\u3e to Hydrogen Peroxide Stress

Consumer interest in probiotic bifidobacteria is increasing, but industry efforts to secure high cell viability in foods is determined by these anaerobes’ sensitivity to oxidative stress. To address this limitation, we investigated genetic and physiological responses of two fully sequenced Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strains, BL-04 and DSM 10140, to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stress. Although the genome sequences for these strains are highly clonal, prior work showed they differ in both intrinsic and inducible H2O2 resistance. Transcriptome analysis of early stationary phase cells exposed to a sub-lethal H2O2 concentration detected significant (P2O2 stress resistance might be due to a mutation in a BL-04 gene encoding long chain fatty acid-coA ligase. To explore this possibility, membrane fatty acids were isolated and analyzed by GC-MS. Results confirmed the strains had significantly different lipid profiles; the BL-04 membrane contained higher percentages of C14:0 and C16:0, and lower percentages of C16:1n7 and C18:1n9. Alteration of the DSM 10140 membrane lipid composition using modified growth medium to more closely mimic that of BL-04 yielded cells that showed increased intrinsic resistance to lethal H2O2 challenge, but did not display an inducible H2O2 stress response. Results show deliberate stress induction or membrane lipid modification can be employed to significantly improve H2O2 resistance in B. animalis subsp. lactis strains

The Effect of Set Configuration and Load on Post-Activation Potentiation on Vertical Jump in Athletes

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 902-911, 2021. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of post-activation potentiation (PAP) on countermovement jump (CMJ) using different set configurations and loads on conditioning activity (CA) in highly trained athletes. Sixteen national level swimmers participated in this study and performed a total of six visits to the laboratory. The first session was used for familiarization, the second session was utilized to determine five repetitions maximum (RM) in the half squat (HS), and the following four visits consisted of four CA protocols performed in a counterbalanced order. Two CAs were performed as traditional sets (TS) with sequential repetition, with different load, which involved one set of five repetitions at 100% (TS100) or 65% of 5 RM load (TS65). Additionally, two CAs included one set of five repetitions with intraset rests, 30 second inter-repetition rest (IRR), with both relative loads (IRR100 and IRR65). Countermovement jump height was measured at baseline, immediately after the CA, and every two-minutes until twelve-minutes. Significantly faster peak and mean barbell velocity was observed for the CAs with lower relative loads (p \u3c 0.05). When evaluating the best result at individual time point of CMJ height after the CA, TS100 improved CMJ performance (ES = 0.38, p = 0.028, Δ% = 4.8 ± 7.3). Thus, set configuration using IRR does not promote PAP in the current study and TS with a high-load should be adopted for an acute improvement in CMJ for highly trained athletes

The Value and Impact of a Brief Study Abroad Experience on Historically Black College and University (HBCU) Counseling Students’ Learning

This was an exploratory study that sought to understand the experiences and benefits of counseling graduate students from a Historically Black College and University (HBCU). These doctoral and master’s students engaged in a brief study abroad experience centered on learning about the historical aspects of counseling in two European locations (Vienna, Austria and London, England). The qualitative methodology used in this study was the naturalist inquiry method, which emphasizes the importance of here-and-now experiences, critical reflections, and dialogues. With a sample size of eight, these tools allowed for a humanistic portrayal while being flexible enough for a creative synthesis in terms of understanding the process as the data portrayed it. Despite the limitations of having a pre-set program type, limited financial resources, and limited sample: this study discovered four themes in the experiences of the counseling students: (1) Self-fulfillment (believing in my own ability to grow), (2) Engaging in painless deep learning, (3) Values and impact, and (4) Study abroad is a “Big Deal”

Chauffeur braking

An experienced driver will `feather' the brakes so as to unwind the suspension compliance and stop the vehicle with only just enough torque in the brakes to hold the vehicle stationary on any gradient, or against the residual torque from an automatic transmission’s torque converter. An optimal stopping problem that minimises the total jerk was formulated and solved. This model was extended by including a linear relationship between the brake pressure and the acceleration of the car where the coefficients are estimated by linear regression. Finally, a Kalman filter estimates the state of the car using the tone wheel