Optimal Spectrum Sensing Threshold for Unequal Priors Case

Classical spectrum sensing techniques utilize maximum likelihood (ML) detection for identification of spectrum holes. The approach is sub-optimal for the case of un-equal priors where the probabilities of channel occupation and vacancy are not the same. Such situations are bound to occur in most commercial bands such as GSM etc and hence are of more interest. The loss in performance has been disregarded as negligible in most of the work done on spectrum sensing techniques. This paper quantifies the effects of changing priors on classical energy detection and infers that the loss in spectrum sensing performance is not negligible. The deterioration is especially considerable at low SNR values and at low probabilities of channel occupation. An optimum threshold for achieving minimum probability of error has been derived in this work for unequal prior case. Detection based on the proposed threshold out-performs classical detectors under the assumption that priors are known at the receiver

A Novel Radio Mode Identification Approach for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios

The paper suggests a radio mode identification algorithm for spectrum sensing that utilizes time frequency analysis and digital image processing techniques to identify various transmission parameters of the primary user. The classical spectrum sensing techniques only provide information about existence of spectrum holes in the spectrum band of interest. However the proposed approach enables the cognitive radio to identify spectral behavior of the primary users in addition to identifying the spectrum holes with greater accuracy. These parameters can be utilized to decide the suitability of the identified spectrum holes and predict pattern of spectrum usage in near future

Facilitating Corporate Entrepreneurship in Public Sector Higher Education Institutions: A Conceptual Model

This paper develops a conceptual model of public sector corporate entrepreneurship for thestate government higher education institutions. The proposed model is intended to depict themain antecedents that relate to corporate entrepreneurship within the public sector highereducation institution and the impact of corporate entrepreneurship on public sector HEI’sperformance, as well as factors influencing its continuous performance.Keywords: Corporate Entrepreneurship, Public Sector Higher Education Institutions,Performance

Investigating Identity Fraud Management Practices in E-tail sector:A Systematic Review

Purpose: Identity fraud is a growing issue for online retail organisations. The literature on this issue is scattered, and none of the studies presents a holistic view of identity fraud management practices in the online retail context. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the identity fraud management practices and present a comprehensive set of practices for e-tail sector. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review approach was adopted, and the articles were selected through pre-set inclusion criteria. The authors synthesised existing literature to investigate identity fraud management in e-tail sector. Findings: The research finds that literature on practices for identity fraud management is scattered. The findings also reveal that firms assume identity fraud issues as a technological challenge, which is one of the major reasons for a gap in effective management of identity frauds. This research suggests e-tailers to deal this issue as a management challenge and counter strategies should be developed in technological, human and organisational aspects. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited to the published sources of data. Studies, based on empirical data, will be helpful to support the argument of this study; additionally, future studies are recommended to include a wide number of databases. Practical implications: This research will help e-tail organisations to understand the whole of identity fraud management and help them develop and implement a comprehensive set of practices at each stage, for effective management identity frauds. Originality/value: This research makes unique contributions by synthesising existing literature at each stage of fraud management and encompasses social, organisational and technological aspects. It will also help academicians understanding a holistic view of available research and opens new lines for future research.</p

Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Studyof District Bahawalnagar, Pakistan

The study was conducted to classify soil of crop growing areas of District Bahawalnagar with respect to low, satisfactory and high soil fertility status for better management of the whole area. A total of 3624 soil samples collected from all tehsils of Bahawalnagar district (888 samples from Bahawalnagar, 743 samples from Chishtian, 528 samples from Fort Abbas, 573 samples from Haroon Abad and 892 soil samples from Minchin Abad) were tested in Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Bahawalpur, Pakistan during 2011-2013.Soil characteristics of Bahawalnagar district were evaluated through physical and chemical analysis. Representative soil samples received/collected from farmers fields were analyzed for texture, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents. Texture of the soils varied from sandy loam to loam. About 66% soils had EC values within the normal range (&lt; 4 dS m-1). The pH values of 94% soils ranged from 7.5 to 8.5 with an average of 8.03 and 5% soils had pH &gt; 8.5. About 99% soils were poor( &lt; 0.86%) in organic matter and only 1% samples had satisfactory level of organic matter(0.86-1.29%).About 68% soils were poor(&lt;7 ppm) in available phosphorus, 23 % samples had satisfactory level of  available phosphorus(7-14 ppm) and only 9% samples had adequate level of available phosphorus (&gt;14 ppm) contents. The K status of most of soils was in satisfactory (58%) and adequate range (30%). The objective of present study is to assess the soil fertility and salinity status of Bahawalnagar district for formulation of optimum fertilizer recommendations for different crops grown in the area. Key words: Soil Analysis, EC, pH, SOM, P, K, Bahawalnaga

Epidemiology of Oral Cancer in Pakistan

Oral carcinoma is one of the most frequently reported form of cancer in Pakistan. In time oncogenic prognosis facilities are still available in various regions countrywide. Provincial comparison indicates that more than 67% cases of oral squamous cancer are reported from Punjab whereas ratio in KPK is also high than Sindh and Baluchistan. The prevalence of this growing ailment can be minimized only by collaborative efforts of both government and general public regarding awareness of oral hygiene, causes of oral and esophageal carcinogenesis, early symptoms of this disease and its management.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp