The Impact of Public and Private Health Expenditures on Poverty in developing countries

Background & Objectives: Changes in twenty-first century and incidence of development gap among countries has caused particular attention of all economic schools to the problem of poverty and the factors affecting it, as a consequence of underdevelopment. Health and health expenditures are considered as a tool for governments to get out from poverty. Methods: This study is one type of econometric studies with using panel data for Iran and 30 developing countries during 2005 to 2012. To determine the effect of health expenditures on poverty headcount ratio, Hassman and Chow tests were used in order to select the type of random or fixed effect regression model. Data analysis was done through Eviews 6 software. Results: Among factors affecting poverty, health expenditure had more significant impact on poverty. So that, one unit increase in public and private health expenditures caused respectively -2.93 decrease and 1.19 unit increase in headcount poverty ratio. In comparison to health expenditure, access to health facilities and primary school enrollment rate with respectively coefficients of -0.81 and 0.34 had less impact on poverty headcount ratio. Conclusion: Governments should pay more attention to policies of financing health sector and more expansion of governmental functions in financial support of health sector rather than private sector. Key¬words: Public Health Expenditure, Private Health Expenditure, Poverty Headcount Ratio ¬Citation: Harati J, Harati Khalilabad T, Rezapour A. The Impact of Public and Private Health Expenditures on Poverty in developing countries: 2005– 2012. Journal of Health Based Research 2016; 2(4): 345-354

The Impact of Public and Private Health Expenditures on Poverty in developing countries

Background & Objectives: Changes in twenty-first century and incidence of development gap among countries has caused particular attention of all economic schools to the problem of poverty and the factors affecting it, as a consequence of underdevelopment. Health and health expenditures are considered as a tool for governments to get out from poverty. Methods: This study is one type of econometric studies with using panel data for Iran and 30 developing countries during 2005 to 2012. To determine the effect of health expenditures on poverty headcount ratio, Hassman and Chow tests were used in order to select the type of random or fixed effect regression model. Data analysis was done through Eviews 6 software. Results: Among factors affecting poverty, health expenditure had more significant impact on poverty. So that, one unit increase in public and private health expenditures caused respectively -2.93 decrease and 1.19 unit increase in headcount poverty ratio. In comparison to health expenditure, access to health facilities and primary school enrollment rate with respectively coefficients of -0.81 and 0.34 had less impact on poverty headcount ratio. Conclusion: Governments should pay more attention to policies of financing health sector and more expansion of governmental functions in financial support of health sector rather than private sector. Key­words: Public Health Expenditure, Private Health Expenditure, Poverty Headcount Ratio Citation: Harati J, Harati Khalilabad T, Rezapour A. The Impact of Public and Private Health Expenditures on Poverty in developing countries: 2005– 2012. Journal of Health Based Research 2017; 2(4): 345-354

Dynamic Relationship between Output and Pollution in a Growth Model: Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve for Iran

This paper uses the growth model of Stokey (1998) extended by Deng and Huang (2009) to examine the dynamic relationship between output and environmental pollution in Iran. After solving the model and deriving the necessary conditions for sustainable growth path, the model is used to examine the presence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for Iran. Using MATLAB software, the model is calibrated for the Iranian economy for the period 1959-2008. This allows us to find optimal paths for key variables. The result shows that that the Iranian economy is not on its optimal sustainable growth path. Moreover, simulation results indicate that there is a positive relationship between income per capita and CO2 per capita over time. Hence, we might claim that the Iranian economy is probably on its early stage of growth. In other words, Iran might still be on the negative part of EKC. In addition, our simulation result shows that there will be a threshold level for per capita income in which the quality of environment starts improving after this point. Hence, one might conclude that the EKC might be true for Iran

Bodybuilding links to Upper Crossed Syndrome

Introduction: Upper cross syndrome is becoming more prevalent in today’s population. The syndrome is described as a postural disorder presenting with over active pectoralis musculature and upper trapezius musculature. Also there is inhibition of lower and middle trapezius musculature, which results in winging of scapula, elevated and abducted scapula. This scapular dyskinesia, per se, resulted in rounding of shoulders. The syndrome is often associated with bad posture in routine life or occupation of a person. Little is known about the relationship between sport participation and postural body changes of bodybuilding training. Our aim is to investigate whether bodybuilding training in trained-individuals is associated with the postural abnormalities in the upper body. Methods: 60 male, trained bodybuilders (age= 24.62±3.67 years, body weight= 82.40±9 kg, height= 175±0.067 cm, body mass index (BMI( = 26.77±2.37 Kg/m2, body fat percentage = 21.58±3.21) and 30 un-trained (age= 24.67±2.24 years, body weight= 73.33±9.42 kg, height= 175±0.06 cm, body mass index (BMI) = 23.93±3.16 Kg/m2, body fat percentage = 18.17±3.76) volunteered and were thus included in the study. Postural photographs were taken in the sagittal and frontal planes, and were analyzed by using AutoCAD software. The Flexi curve ruler was used for the assessment of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis. Results: Using an independent sample t-test, significant differences were observed in the values of forward head posture between trained and untrained groups (p=0.001) and Mann-Whitney U test showed there was significant differences between the values of uneven shoulders (p=0.001), rounded shoulder (p=0.009) and kyphosis (p=0.013), but there was no significant difference between lordosis values in two groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is a high incidence of upper body abnormalities among bodybuilders and this should be taken as a minatory situation on behalf of bodybuilding trainers. Therefore, strength coaches should design an appropriate training program to prevent their trainees from such abnormalities

Microstructural Analysis of Laser Cladding of Stellite 6 on Ductile Iron

Stellite 6 alloy in the form of powder was deposited on a ductile cast iron substrate using a low power pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The effects of process parameters on the resulting microstructure and hardness were studied with emphasis on the single and multi-track deposits. The results revealed that the cladded layers consist of carbides dispersed in a Co-based solid solution matrix with a dendritic structure. Multi-track cladded layers have coarser dendrites compared to those of single-track cladded layer due to a longer exposure time at high temperature and slower cooling rates as more layers were deposite

Comparing the Effects of Dry-Land and In-Water Core Stability Training Programs on Swimmers’ Upper Body Balance and Performance

Objective: Swimming is a sport that requires a considerable strength, endurance, mobility and stability of the upper body. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of dry-land and in-water core stability training programs on swimmers’ upper body balance and performance. Methods: The available statistical sample of this study included 28 swimmers from city of Sabzevar who were divided randomly into three groups of dry-land (10 swimmers), in-water (10swimmers) and control (8 swimmers). Data analysis was done by split-plot ANOVA to compare intra- and inter-group variables and Bonferroni post-hoc test was also utilized to compare group means within two groups. Results: The results showed that four-week core stability exercises on dry-land led to 50m swimming time improvements as well as upper body balance of dominant and non-dominant limbs. There was no significant improvement in 50m for dry-land group and no significant improvement in stroke rate for both experimental groups.  Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that coaches and swimmers utilize exercises used in this study in order to improve upper body balance as well as swimming performance in their training program

Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Patients using Neoadjuvant AC (Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide) in Comparison with PG (Paclitaxel and Gemcitabine) Therapy

Background: Quality of life has become a part of the evaluation criteria for cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life in breast cancer patients under chemotherapy regimens that contained doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) compared to paclitaxel and gemcitabine (PG). Methods: This cohort study evaluated 100 women with breast cancer treated by doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide or gemcitabine and paclitaxel regimens. We used the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire- Core 30 to assess health related quality of life at the beginning and end of chemotherapy. Data were analyzed by the independent t-test at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Most of the 100 patients were married (68%), aged 41-50 years (36%), non-college educated (76%), and had insurance (97%). The mean quality of life scores at the first session of chemotherapy and prior to the onset of treatment-related adverse events were 71.33 for the doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide groups and 71.15 for the gemcitabine and paclitaxel groups. Analysis of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 at the last chemotherapy session showed that the quality of life in both groups deteriorated as a result of side effects. The mean of quality of life scores at the first session of chemotherapy were 66.49 for the doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide group and 59.99 for the gemcitabine and paclitaxel group. Conclusion: Strategies to improve the emotional and role functions of the patients who undergo treatment should be given priority. Financial difficulties faced by breast cancer patients should be addressed from a policy making level at the initiating health financing system

Criminal Communities Mining on the Web Authors

Criminal web data always offer novel and useful knowledge and information for Law administration. The used digital data in legal assessments are involved parts of information about the accused ’ social networks. Thus, evaluation of these parts of information is challenging. Therefore, an investigator has to pull out the appropriate information from the text manually, these information are on the website. An investigator also makes the relationship between various parts of information and classify them in to a structured database so the category is ready to use in different criminal network evaluation tools for analysis. On the other hand, these manual processes are not adequate in the case that it has many errors. Moreover, as the quality of resulted evaluation depends on the investigator’s proficiency, the reliability is not stable. On another word, the more proficient operator, the better result achieved. The purpose of this paper is suggesting a framework by using concurrent crawler to show the process of exploring the criminal accused of legal data evaluation which insures the reliability gap