Uso de sensores de humedad de suelo para la programación del riego: Características, limitaciones y estudio de caso aplicado a viñedos comerciales cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

39 p.Debido al cambio climático, una de las variables de mayor importancia en la agricultura es el uso del agua, el cual debe ser realizado de manera eficiente y oportuna. Es por esto que determinar con precisión el contenido de humedad en el suelo, se trasforma en una necesidad al momento de generar programas de riego eficientes, además, permite determinar el agua disponible para los cultivos durante su desarrollo. Actualmente contamos con diversos métodos de estimar el contenido de humedad del suelo, tales como las metodologías de capacitancia, reflectometría y tensiometría. El objetivo de esta memoria es analizar de manera técnica y económica la implementación de un sistema de monitoreo de humedad del suelo continuo para la programación del riego, considerando un estudio de caso para un viñedo comercial. Desde el punto de vista técnico el método de capacitancia entrega mediciones precisas e inmediatas, pero es afectado por factores del suelo como la porosidad, la temperatura, la permitividad y la salinidad, en cambio el método de reflectometría es preciso y abarca un mayor volumen que el método de capacitancia, pero se dificulta su implementación en suelos rocosos o muy arcillosos. Los resultados del análisis económico mostraron que, la implementación de una red de sensores de capacitancia (modelo GS1, Decagon Devices) es rentable en viñedos de superficie 7.5, 20 y 80 hectáreas que produzcan uva calidad reserva, a su vez es rentable en viñedos de uva calidad varietal de 5.5, 10, 36 y 80 hectáreas. Por otro lado, la implementación de un sensor TDR (Modelo Minitrase, PMS) no es rentable en viñedos de uva calidad reserva, sin embargo, en viñedos de uva calidad varietal es rentable en superficies de 36 y 60 hectáreas. Palabras clave: Capacitancia, sensor, permitividad, humedad de suelo./ABSTRACT: Due to climate change, water use is one of the most important variables in agriculture, which must be performed in an efficient and appropriate form. For this reason an accurately determination of the soil water content, it becomes a necessity when efficient irrigation programs are required, also it allow to determine the water available for crops during its development. Today several methods have been developed to estimate the soil water content, such as capacitance, reflectometry and tensiometry. The objective of this study is to analyze technical and economic aspects of an implementation of a continuous monitoring soil water content system for irrigation scheduling, considering a study case for commercial vineyard. From a technical point of view the capacitance method provide accurate and immediate measurements, but is affected by soil factors such as porosity, temperature, permittivity and salinity, whereas the reflectometry method is accurate and covers a greater volume than the method capacitance, but its implementation is difficult in rocky or heavy clay soils. The results of economic analysis showed that the implementation of a network of capacitance sensors (model GS1, Decagon Devices) is profitable for vineyards of 7.5, 20 and 80 hectares which produce reserve quality grapes, it is also profitable in vineyards of 5.5, 10, 36 and 80 hectares which produce varietal quality grapes. Furthermore, the implementation of a TDR sensor (model MiniTrase, PMS) is uneconomical in vineyards that produce grapes of reserve quality, however, in vineyards with a grape varietal quality is profitable in surfaces of 36 and 60 hectares mainly. Keywords: capacitance,probe, permitivity, soil moistur

Selecting canopy zones and thresholding approaches to assess grapevine water status by using aerial and ground-based thermal imaging

Aerial and terrestrial thermography has become a practical tool to determine water stress conditions in vineyards. However, for proper use of this technique it is necessary to consider vine architecture (canopy zone analysis) and image thresholding approaches (determination of the upper and lower baseline temperature values). During the 2014–2015 growing season, an experimental study under different water conditions (slight, mild, moderate, and severe water stress) was carried out in a commercial vineyard (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Carménè). In this study thermal images were obtained from different canopy zones by using both aerial (>60 m height) and ground-based (sunlit, shadow and nadir views) thermography. Using customized code that was written specifically for this research, three different thresholding approaches were applied to each image: (i) the standard deviation technique (SDT); (ii) the energy balance technique (EBT); and (iii) the field reference temperature technique (FRT). Results obtained from three different approaches showed that the EBT had the best performance. The EBT was able to discriminate over 95% of the leaf material, while SDT and FRT were able to detect around 70% and 40% of the leaf material, respectively. In the case of canopy zone analysis, ground-based nadir images presented the best correlations with stomatal conductance (gs) and stem water potential (Ψstem), reaching determination coefficients (r2) of 0.73 and 0.82, respectively. The best relationships between thermal indices and plant-based variables were registered during the period of maximum atmospheric demand (near veraison) with significant correlations for all methods

Novel fibrin-fibronectin matrix accelerates mice skin wound healing

Plasma fibrinogen (F1) and fibronectin (pFN) polymerize to form a fibrin clot that is both a hemostatic and provisional matrix for wound healing. About 90% of plasma F1 has a homodimeric pair of γ chains (γγF1), and 10% has a heterodimeric pair of γ and more acidic γ′ chains (γγ′F1). We have synthesized a novel fibrin matrix exclusively from a 1:1 (molar ratio) complex of γγ′F1 and pFN in the presence of highly active thrombin and recombinant Factor XIII (rFXIIIa). In this matrix, the fibrin nanofibers were decorated with pFN nanoclusters (termed γγ′F1:pFN fibrin). In contrast, fibrin made from 1:1 mixture of γγF1 and pFN formed a sporadic dis- tribution of “pFN droplets” (termed γγF1+pFN fibrin). The γγ′F1:pFN fibrin enhanced the adhesion of primary human umbilical vein endothelium cells (HUVECs) relative to the γγF1+FN fibrin. Three dimensional (3D) culturing showed that the γγ′F1:pFN complex fibrin matrix enhanced the proliferation of both HUVECs and primary human fibroblasts. HUVECs in the 3D γγ′F1:pFN fibrin exhibited a starkly enhanced vascular mor- phogenesis while an apoptotic growth profile was observed in the γγF1+pFN fibrin. Relative to γγF1+pFN fibrin, mouse dermal wounds that were sealed by γγ′F1:pFN fibrin exhibited accelerated and enhanced healing. This study suggests that a 3D pFN presentation on a fibrin matrix promotes wound healing

Hypothalamic Microglial Heterogeneity and Signature under High Fat Diet–Induced Inflammation

Under high-fat feeding, the hypothalamus atypically undergoes pro-inflammatory signaling activation. Recent data from transcriptomic analysis of microglia from rodents and humans has allowed the identification of several microglial subpopulations throughout the brain. Numerous studies have clarified the roles of these cells in hypothalamic inflammation, but how each microglial subset plays its functions upon inflammatory stimuli remains unexplored. Fortunately, these data unveiling microglial heterogeneity have triggered the development of novel experimental models for studying the roles and characteristics of each microglial subtype. In this review, we explore microglial heterogeneity in the hypothalamus and their crosstalk with astrocytes under high fat diet–induced inflammation. We present novel currently available ex vivo and in vivo experimental models that can be useful when designing a new research project in this field of study. Last, we examine the transcriptomic data already published to identify how the hypothalamic microglial signature changes upon short-term and prolonged high-fat feeding

Validación de un modelo para estimar la conductancia estomática de hojas en vides cv. Cabernet Sauvignon.

The coupled model of assimilation and stomatal conductance (A-gs) was evaluated to estimate leaf stomatal conductance of a drip-irrigated vineyard ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) located in the Pencahue Valley (35º22’ S, 71°47’ W, 150 m.a.s.l.), Maule Region, Chile, during the 2003-2004 and the 2004-2005 growing seasons. Additionally, a calibration of the three parameters mesophyll conductance (gm), maximum specific humidity (Dmax) and coupled factor (f0) was applied on vines growing in 35 L pots. An infrared gas analyzer was used to calibrate and evaluate the A-gs which allowed simultaneous measuring of the leaf net CO2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) in 2 to 3 h intervals of time. The calibration indicated that the gm, Dmax and f0 values were 1.15 mm s-1, 52.31 g kg-1 and 0.90, respectively. The validation in the drip-irrigated vineyard indicated that the A-gs model was able to estimate the leaf stomatal conductance with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.05 mol m-2s-1, model efficiency of 61% and agreement index of 90%. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the A-gs model is affected considerably by the gm, Dmax and f0 parameterization.El modelo acoplado de asimilación neta y conductancia estomática (A-gs) fue evaluado para estimar la conductancia estomática de hojas (gs) de un viñedo regado por goteo ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) ubicado en el Valle de Pencahue (35o22’ S; 71o47’ O; 150 m.s.n.m.), Región del Maule, Chile, durante las temporadas 2003-2004 y 2004-2005. Además, se realizó una calibración de la conductancia del mesófilo (gm), valor máximo de humedad específica a saturación(Dmax) y el factor acoplado (f0) en vides creciendo en maceteros de 35 L. Para calibrar y evaluar el modelo A-gs se utilizó un analizador infrarrojo de gases, el cual permitió medir simultáneamente la asimilación neta (A) y la conductancia estomática (gs) en intervalos de tiempo de 2 a 3 h. La calibración indicó que los valores de gm, Dmax y f0 fueron de 1,15 mm s-1; 52,31 g kg-1 y 0,90 respectivamente. La validación en el viñedo regado por goteo mostró que el modelo A-gs fue capaz de estimar la conductancia estomática con una raíz del cuadrado medio del error (RMSE) de 0,05 mol m-2s-1, una eficiencia del modelo de 61% y un índice de acuerdo de 90%. El análisis de sensibilidad indicó que el modelo es considerablemente afectado por la parametrización de gm, Dmax y f0

A Smartphone App for Individual Xylazine/Ketamine Calculation Decreased Anesthesia-Related Mortality in Mice

Currently, experimental animals are widely used in biological and medical research. However, the scientific community has raised several bioethical concerns, such as the number of animals required to achieve reproducible and statistically relevant results. These concerns involve aspects related to pain, discomfort, and unwanted animal loss. Retrospectively, we compare two different approaches for anesthesia dosage: a mobile app for dose calculation and a standard dose calculation. A total of 939 C57BL/6J and Swiss mice were analyzed. We collected data on intraoperative and anesthesia-related mortality as described in electronic or physical handwritten records. Our results showed that the mobile app approach significantly reduces anesthetic-related deaths upon using doses of ketamine and xylazine. The results suggest that anesthesia-related mortality can be minimized even more using information technology approaches, helping to solve an old but transversal challenge for researchers working with experimental mice. The mobile app is a free and open code which could be implemented worldwide as an essential requirement for all anesthetic procedures in mice using xylazine and ketamine combination. As an open code app, the Labinsane initiative could also represent the starting point to unify and validate other anesthetic procedures in different species and strains

An older diabetes-induced mice model for studying skin wound healing.

Advances in wound treatment depend on the availability of animal models that reflect key aspects of human wound healing physiology. To this date, the accepted mouse models do not reflect defects in the healing process for chronic wounds that are associated with type two diabetic skin ulcers. The long term, systemic physiologic stress that occurs in middle aged or older Type 2 diabetes patients is difficult to simulate in preclinical animal model. We have strived to incorporate the essential elements of this stress in a manageable mouse model: long term metabolic stress from obesity to include the effects of middle age and thereafter onset of diabetes. At six-weeks age, male C57BL/6 mice were separated into groups fed a chow and High-Fat Diet for 0.5, 3, and 6 months. Treatment groups included long term, obesity stressed mice with induction of diabetes by streptozotocin at 5 months, and further physiologic evaluation at 8 months old. We show that this model results in a severe metabolic phenotype with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance associated with obesity and, more importantly, skin changes. The phenotype of this older age mouse model included a transcriptional signature of gene expression in skin that overlapped that observed with elderly patients who develop diabetic foot ulcers. We believe this unique old age phenotype contrasts with current mice models with induced diabetes

Topical topiramate improves wound healing in an animal model of hyperglycemia

Wound healing is severely affected in hyperglycemia and other metabolic conditions. Finding new therapeutic approaches that accelerate wound healing and improve the quality of the scar may reduce the morbidity commonly associated with skin lesions in diabetes. This study evaluated the effect of topical topiramate (TPM) on wound healing in C57 mice. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic mice were subjected to a wound on the back and randomly allocated for treatment with either vehicle or topical TPM cream (2%) once a day for 14 days. Polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and microscopy were performed for the analysis. TPM improved wound healing (complete resolution at Day 10, 98% +/- 5 for TPM vs. 81% +/- 28 for vehicle), increased organization and deposition of collagen Type I, and enhanced the quality of the scars as determined by microscopy. In addition, TPM modulated the expression of cytokines and proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway: In early wound-healing stages, expression of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory marker, increased, whereas at the late phase, the pro-inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased and there was increased expression of a vascular endothelial growth factor. Proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway were stimulated in the late wound-healing phase. Topical TPM improves the quality of wound healing in an animal model of hyperglycemia. The effect of TPM is accompanied by modulation of inflammatory and growth factors and proteins of the insulin-signaling pathway. Therefore, topical TPM presents as a potential therapeutic agent in skin wounds in patients with hyperglycemia214420430FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçãoThe author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Sao Paulo Research Foundation, OCRC and Coimbra Group of Brazilian Universities Education provided the grants for this stud

Políticas públicas

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