Learning curves of theta/beta neurofeedback in children with ADHD

Neurofeedback is widely applied as non-pharmacological intervention aimed at reducing symptoms of ADHD, even though efficacy has not been unequivocally established. Neuronal changes during the neurofeedback intervention that resemble learning can provide crucial evidence for the feasibility and specificity of this intervention. A total of 38 children (aged between 7 and 13 years) with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD, completed on average 29 sessions of theta (4–8 Hz)/beta (13–20 Hz) neurofeedback training. Dependent variables included training-related measures as well as theta and beta power during baseline and training runs for each session. Learning effects were analyzed both within and between sessions. To further specify findings, individual learning curves were explored and correlated with behavioral changes in ADHD symptoms. Over the course of the training, there was a linear increase in participants’ mean training level, highest obtained training level and the number of earned credits (range b = 0.059, −0.750, p b = 0.004, 95% CI = [0.0013–0.0067], p = 0.005) and over the course of the intervention (b = 0.0052, 95% CI = [0.0039–0.0065], p https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01363544.Multivariate analysis of psychological dat

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Childhood Psychiatric Disorders as Risk Factor for Subsequent Substance Abuse: A Meta-Analysis

Objective To assess the prospective risk of developing substance-related disorders after childhood mental health disorders (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], oppositional defiant disorder [ODD] or conduct disorder [CD], anxiety disorder, and depression) using meta-analysis. Method PubMed, Embase, and PsycInfo were searched for relevant longitudinal studies that described childhood (<18 years old) ADHD, ODD or CD, anxiety, or depression in relation to later alcohol-, nicotine-, or drug-related disorders or substance use disorders (SUDs) published in peer-reviewed journals in the English language from 1986 to May 2016. Two researchers conducted all review stages. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were followed. Results Thirty-seven studies including more than 762,187 participants were identified for quantitative analyses. These studies included 22,029 participants with ADHD, 434 participants with ODD or CD, 1,433 participants with anxiety disorder, and 2,451 participants with depression. Ninety-seven effects sizes were extracted for analyses. Meta-analysis showed a significantly increased risk for addiction in ADHD (n = 23, odds ratio [OR] 2.27, 95% CI 1.98–3.67; OR alcohol 2.15, 95% CI 1.56–2.97; OR drugs 1.52, 95% CI 1.52–5.27; OR nicotine 2.52, 95% CI 2.01–3.15; OR SUDs 2.61, 95% CI 1.77–3.84), ODD or CD (n = 8, OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.97–5.80; OR alcohol 1.73, 95% CI 1.51–2.00; OR drugs 4.24, 95% CI 1.3.21.5.59; OR nicotine 4.22, 95% CI 3.21–5.55; OR SUDs 4.86, 95% CI 3.09–7.56), and depression (n = 13, OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.47–2.81; OR alcohol 1.10, 95% CI 1.02–1.19; OR nicotine 2.56, 95% CI 1.89–3.48; OR SUDs 2.20, 95% CI 1.41–3.43), but not for anxiety disorders (n = 15, OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.90–1.55, not significant). Conclusion Childhood ADHD, ODD, CD, and depression increase the risk of developing substance-related disorders. Anxiety disorders do not seem to increase the risk for future substance-related disorders, although the findings are highly heterogeneous. These findings emphasize the need for early detection and intervention to prevent debilitating substance-related disorders in later life

1-year follow-up of neurofeedback treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: randomised controlled trial

Background  Estimates of the effectiveness of neurofeedback as a treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are mixed.Aims To investigate the long-term additional effects of neurofeedback (NFB) compared with treatment as usual (TAU) for adolescents with ADHD. Method  Using a multicentre parallel-randomised controlled trial design, 60 adolescents with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of ADHD receiving NFB+TAU (n=41) or TAU (n=19) were followed up. Neurofeedback treatment consisted of approximately 37 sessions of theta/sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-training on the vertex (Cz). Outcome measures included behavioural self-reports and neurocognitive measures. Allocation to the conditions was unmasked. Results  At 1-year follow-up, inattention as reported by adolescents was decreased (range ηp2=0.23–0.36, P<0.01) and performance on neurocognitive tasks was faster (range ηp2=0.20–0.67, P<0.005) irrespective of treatment group. Conclusions  Overall, NFB+TAU was as effective as TAU. Given the absence of robust additional effects of neurofeedback in the current study, results do not support the use of theta/SMR neurofeedback as a treatment for adolescents with ADHD and comorbid disorders in clinical practice

De werkzaamheid van neurofeedback bij ADHD is nog lang niet bewezen

Oprosti bratu svome pa će i tebi biti oprošteno, glavna je misao vodilja ovog rada. Oprostom drugoj osobi oslobađamo sebe i dopuštamo Božjoj milosti da djeluje u nama. Rad se sastoji od dva dijela. U prvom dijelu riječ je o definiranju što je oprost, kako oprostiti sebi, drugima i Bogu, dok se u drugom dijelu nalaze životni primjeri ljudi koji su uz pomoć milosti Božje uspjeli skupiti hrabrosti oprostiti svojim neprijateljima. Cilj ovog rada bio je istaknuti koliko je oprost koristan svima nama. Postoje mnogobrojne dobrobiti oprosta o kojima će se spominjati u radu. Kada se otvorimo Božjoj milosti i dopustimo joj da nas napuni svojom snagom sposobni smo od nemogućeg napraviti moguće. Ujedno je to i zaključak do kojeg sam došla čitajući brojne knjige te gledajući i slušajući brojna svjedočanstva ljudi. Ključn

An ERP source imaging study of the oddball task in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: Children with ADHD have difficulties attending to task-relevant events, which has been consistently associated with reductions in the amplitude of the P3b event-related potential (ERP) component. However, the underlying neural networks involved in this P3b reduction remain elusive. Therefore, this study explored source localization of P3b alterations in children with ADHD, aiming at a more detailed account of attentional difficulties. Methods: Dense array ERPs were obtained for 36 children with ADHD and 49 typically developing children (TD) using an auditory oddball task. The P3b component (310-410 ms) was individually localized with the LAURA distributed linear inverse solution method and compared between groups. Results: The ADHD group showed reduced P3b amplitudes in response to targets compared to the TD group. Differences were located primarily in frontopolar (cinguloopercular network, BA10) and temporoparietal regions (ventral attention network, BA39 and 19) in the left hemisphere. Reductions in P3b amplitudes were related to more inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity problems in the ADHD group. Conclusions: The results show alterations in both top-down and bottom-up attention-related brain areas, which may underlie P3b amplitude reductions in children with ADHD. Significance: This study provides novel data on both temporal and spatial aspects of dysfunctional attention processes in ADHD

Neural correlates of response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A controlled version of the stop-signal task

The stop-signal task has been used extensively to investigate the neural correlates of inhibition deficits in children with ADHD. However, previous findings of atypical brain activation during the stop-signal task in children with ADHD may be confounded with attentional processes, precluding strong conclusions on the nature of these deficits. In addition, there are recent concerns on the construct validity of the SSRT metric. The aim of this study was to control for confounding factors and improve the specificity of the stop-signal task to investigate inhibition mechanisms in children with ADHD. FMRI was used to measure inhibition related brain activation in 17 typically developing children (TD) and 21 children with ADHD, using a highly controlled version of the stop-signal task. Successful inhibition trials were contrasted with control trials that were comparable in frequency, visual presentation and absence of motor response. We found reduced brain activation in children with ADHD in key inhibition areas, including the right inferior frontal gyrus/insula, and anterior cingulate/dorsal medial prefrontal cortex. Using a more stringent controlled design, this study replicated and specified previous findings of atypical brain activation in ADHD during motor response inhibition