Correction: Protocol of the Healthy Brain Study:An accessible resource for understanding the human brain and how it dynamically and individually operates in its bio-social context

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260952.]

Lack of Phylogeographic Structure in the Freshwater Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Suggests Global Dispersal

Background : Free-living microorganisms have long been assumed to have ubiquitous distributions with little biogeographic signature because they typically exhibit high dispersal potential and large population sizes. However, molecular data provide contrasting results and it is far from clear to what extent dispersal limitation determines geographic structuring of microbial populations. We aimed to determine biogeographical patterns of the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Being widely distributed on a global scale but patchily on a regional scale, this prokaryote is an ideal model organism to study microbial dispersal and biogeography. Methodology/Principal Findings : The phylogeography of M. aeruginosa was studied based on a dataset of 311 rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences sampled from six continents. Richness of ITS sequences was high (239 ITS types were detected). Genetic divergence among ITS types averaged 4% (maximum pairwise divergence was 13%). Preliminary analyses revealed nearly completely unresolved phylogenetic relationships and a lack of genetic structure among all sequences due to extensive homoplasy at multiple hypervariable sites. After correcting for this, still no clear phylogeographic structure was detected, and no pattern of isolation by distance was found on a global scale. Concomitantly, genetic differentiation among continents was marginal, whereas variation within continents was high and was mostly shared with all other continents. Similarly, no genetic structure across climate zones was detected. Conclusions/Significance : The high overall diversity and wide global distribution of common ITS types in combination with the lack of phylogeographic structure suggest that intercontinental dispersal of M. aeruginosa ITS types is not rare, and that this species might have a truly cosmopolitan distribution

Pain management in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing, and painful inflammatory disease. HS patients' quality of life is severely impaired, and this impairment correlates strongly with their pain. Pain in HS can be acute or chronic and has both inflammatory and noninflammatory origins. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the existing literature regarding pain management in patients with HS. While there are no formal studies investigating pain management in HS, existing recommendations are based on general pain guidelines and expert opinion. Documentation of pain requires an assessment of the severity and timing of the pain. Although anti-inflammatory drugs and surgery for HS can alleviate pain, adjunctive pain medications are typically necessary. Topical analgesics, oral acetaminophen, and oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are considered first-line agents for the treatment of pain in patients with HS. If pain management is ineffective with those agents, oral opiates can be considered. In addition, anticonvulsants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors possess neuropathic pain-relieving properties that offer not only control of HS-associated pain but beneficial effects on itch and depression. There is clearly a need for additional studies on pain management in patients with HS

Identification of Clinical and Genetic Parameters Associated with Hidradenitis Suppurativa in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) has recently been associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of HS in IBD and to identify clinical and genetic parameters associated with HS in IBD. Methods: A questionnaire, validated for HS, was sent to 1969 patients suffering from IBD. Results: The prevalence of HS in our IBD cohort (1260 participating patients) was significantly higher than in the general population (6.8%-10.6% versus 1%-2%). IBD patients with HS were affected by IBD significantly earlier and more often treated with anti-TNF-alpha therapy and surgical resection compared to IBD without HS. Female gender, smoking, a higher body mass index, and younger age were independent associated parameters for HS. Within cases allelic association analysis was performed for 59 cases (IBD with HS) and 293 controls (IBD without HS). We observed 2 promising new associations in genomic regions harboring ELOVL7 (rsnumber 10057395 P = 7.15 x 10(-5), odds ratio = 0.4), and in the intergenic region between SULT1B1 and SULT1E1 (rsnumber 2014777 P = 7.48 x 10(-5), odds ratio = 2.3). Conclusions: HS is present in 6.8% to 10.6% of IBD patients. Co-morbid HS is associated with an early onset of IBD in which anti-tumor necrosis factor-a therapy and surgical resections are often needed. We identified a suggestive protective association with ELOVL7 and suggestive risk association with the genes SULT1B1 and SULT1E1 for HS, in the context of IBD. These genetic associations need further exploration and replication in additional independent cohorts

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is associated with low socioeconomic status (SES):A cross-sectional reference study

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic debilitating disease, whereby school attendance and employment can be disturbed. Objective: We sought to determine the socioeconomic status (SES) in patients with HS relative to other dermatologic patients, and whether specific clinical HS characteristics correlate with SES. Methods: For this multicenter cross-sectional reference study, data were collected from patients with HS and sex-and age-matched dermatologic patients in a 1:2 ratio. SES was derived from the mean household income and real estate value on a neighborhood level. Results: The SES distribution among 1018 patients with HS was significantly lower than among 2039 age-and sex-matched dermatologic control patients (P <.001). In patients with HS a low SES was associated with axillary involvement (odds ratio 1.42, P = .04), high body mass index (odds ratio 1.03, P = .003), and lower age at inclusion (odds ratio 0.98, P = .001), but not with disease severity or age of disease onset. Limitations: SES was based on postal code level and causality cannot be determined. Conclusion: In the general population, low SES is associated with an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking and obesity. Therefore, low SES might be a risk factor for developing HS