Results of early infant testing during the study period in rural Zambia, 2010–2012.

a<p>Result lost at the central laboratory.</p>b<p>Six results lost at the central laboratory; two results returned but not documented in file.</p>c<p>Result returned but not documented in file.</p

Lowess graph of CD4⁺ T-cell percentage by time since ART initiation for HIV-infected children at hospital-affiliated and outreach clinics.

<p>Note: Care at outreach clinics was treated as a time-varying covariate.</p

Travel time (A), mode (B), and cost (C) before and after transfer to outreach clinics.

<p>Note: participants were able to report more than one mode of travel to the clinic.</p

Differences in mean weight-for-age z-scores and CD4⁺ T-cell percentage between children receiving ART at the hospital-affiliated and outreach clinics.

<p>CI: Confidence interval; WAZ: weight-for-age z-score.</p>a<p>Estimates and p-values for comparisons from linear regression with GEE to account for repeated measures per child.</p>b<p>Adjusted for month on ART, age at ART initiation, underweight at ART initiation and severe immunosuppression at ART initiation.</p

Characteristics of HIV-exposed infants receiving early infant diagnostic testing in rural southern Zambia, 2010–2012.

<p>ART: antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; IQR: interquartile range; NVP: nevirapine; PMTCT: prevention of mother-to-child transmission;</p>a<p>The timing of the start of highly active ART during pregnancy was variable.</p>b<p>Reported duration of AZT and NVP was variable.</p

Characteristics of HIV-infected children receiving ART at the hospital-affiliated and outreach clinics.

<p>3TC: lamivudine; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; AZT: zidovudine; D4T: stavudine; EFV: efavirenz; IQR: interquartile range; NVP: nevirapine; WAZ: weight-for-age z-score;</p>a<p>among respondents who were primary caregivers, n = 98.</p>b<p>after transfer to the outreach clinic among the outreach clinic group.</p

Median turnaround time (IQR; range) in days for early infant diagnosis in rural Zambia, 2010–2012.

<p>^aThese infants were first tested before the study began; ^bEight samples were lost at the laboratory; ^cSix results were missing date of return.</p

Cumulative probability of virologic failure after 6 months of ART by regimen.

<p>Cumulative probability of virologic failure after 6 months of ART by regimen.</p

Study flowchart.

<p>ART: antiretroviral treatment; ATT: anti-tuberculous treatment; EFV: efavirenz; FU: follow-up; LTFU: loss to follow-up; NVP: nevirapine.</p

Characteristics of children receiving nevirapine and efavirenz at ART initiation.

<p>BCG: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin; EFV: efavirenz; IQR: interquartile range; NVP: nevirapine; WHO: World Health Organization.</p>a<p>Severe immunosuppression defined by age according to the 2006 WHO treatment guidelines.</p>b<p>Underweight defined as weight-for-age z-score less than −2.</p