Moguća primjena biološki aktivnih spojeva iz artičoke

Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus, known as the artichoke, originated in the Mediterranean region and is now cultivated in several countries. The artichoke has leaves, a stem, and a head, also called a floral capitulum, covered with green and pointed bracts. It is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, inulin, coumarins, terpenes, dietary fibre, enzymes, polysaccharides, minerals and vitamins, and therefore has a wide range of uses, including in the food industry, medicine and biofuels. Several studies have shown that artichokes have properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, hypocholesterolaemic, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and lipid-lowering effects. The aim of this study is to provide a literature review on the phytochemical composition, bioactivity and applications, focusing on the methods of extraction, purification and concentration of enzymes present in artichoke.Artičoka (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus) potječe s Mediterana i uzgaja se u nekoliko zemalja. Građena je od stabljike, listova i glavice, koja se još naziva capitulum, na kojoj se nalaze zeleni, šiljasti pricvjetni listovi. Bogata je polifenolima, flavonoidima, antocijanima, fenolnim spojevima, inulinom, kumarinima, terpenima, prehrambenim vlaknima, enzimima, polisaharidima, mineralnim tvarima i vitaminima, zbog čega ima široku primjenu u prehrambenoj industriji, biomedicini i proizvodnji biogoriva. Nekoliko je istraživanja pokazalo da artičoke imaju različita svojstva, kao što su antioksidacijska, protuupalna, antimikrobna, antikancerogena, anti-HIV, kardioprotektivna, hepatoprotektivna, te da snizuju razinu lipida i kolesterola u krvi. Svrha je ovoga rada bila dati pregled literature o fitokemijskom sastavu, biološkoj aktivnosti i primjenama artičoke, s naglaskom na metodama ekstrakcije, pročišćavanju i koncentraciji enzima u artičokama

Experimental design applied to the optimization and partial characterization of pectin-methyl-esterase from a newly isolated Penicillium brasilianum

The objective of this work was to optimize the medium composition for maximum pectin-methylesterase (PME) production from a newly isolated strain of Penicillium brasilianum by submerged fermentation. A Plackett-Burman design was first used for the screening of most important factors, followed by a 2<sup>3</sup> full experimental design, to maximize the enzyme production. The maximum pectinmethyl-esterase activity was 4.0 U/mL at 24 h of bioproduction using a pectin concentration of 32.0 g/L, yeast extract of 30.0 g/L, potassium phosphate of 8.0 g/L, iron (II) sulfate of 0.02 g/L, at 30°C, stirring rate of 180 rpm and initial pH of 5.5. The kinetic evaluation showed that after 27 h of fermentation, a consumption of 15% of total organic carbon and 10% of nitrogen was observed. The crude enzymatic extract kept about 80% of its initial activity after 1848 h under low temperatures. An increase of PME activity was observed after incubation at high temperatures. The residual activity of the extracts after 1728 h of incubation was about 95% for all tested pH values (5, 7, 9 and 11). The application of 0.5% (v/v) of PME crude extract for clarification of peach juice showed a reduction on the viscosity (7.20%) and turbidity (14.11%).Keywords: Penicillium brasilianum, pectin-methyl-esterase, experimental design, pectin-methyl-esterase (PME).African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 12(40), pp. 5886-589

Effects of natural antioxidants in processing and stability of italian type salami during storage / Efeitos de antioxidantes naturais no processamento e estabilidade do salame italiano durante o armazenamento

The aim of the study was to elaborate formulations of Italian type salami by adding natural antioxidant of green tea (Camellia sinensis) and to evaluate the stability during the shelf life. Formulations (F1, F2 and F3) were elaborated varying the concentrations of green tea (0.008 to 0.016%), sodium erythorbate (0.048 to 0.097%), sodium nitrite (0 to 0.012%), sodium nitrate (0 to 0.016%), curing salt (0 to 0.189%) and dehydrated glucose (0.589 to 0.959%), keeping fixed the concentrations of swine meat, bacon, water, refined salt, pepper and starter culture. To verify oxidative stability, the moisture, water activity, sodium nitrate and nitrite, pH, acidity, TBARS and product acceptance were evaluated during 120 days of storage. F1 stood out in terms of acceptance, with a higher initial and residual concentration of nitrates and nitrites up to the 80th day of storage and less lipid oxidation, that has 0.016% green tea, 0.012% sodium nitrite, 0.013% sodium nitrate, 0.081% sodium erythorbate and 0.806% dehydrated glucose in its formulation. The results indicated that the addition of green tea, associated with sodium nitrate/nitrite and sodium erythorbate reduced the formation of TBARS and did not affect the sensory quality of the product. Thus, this natural antioxidant can be easily used in Salami to improve quality and provide safer products. 

Esterificação do ácido acético com álcool isoamílico na presença do catalisador enzimático

The Candida antarctica Lipase B immobilized on polyurethane catalysed esterification of acetic acid with isoamyl alcohol in mechanical and ultrasonic system in a system solvent-free, was studied. The maximum esterification of isoamyl acetate used immobilized catalyst was the highest esterification, 666.05 U/g with 19 cycles of reuse after 360 minutes of reaction time in mechanical system and 1319.48 U/g was observed and 14 cycles de reuse after 60 minutes of reaction time in ultrasound system. Thus, the process was considered efficient with significant reduction of the reaction time, low instrumental requirements and improve the bioprocess performance. Until now, there were no studies available in the open literature in relation to the ester synthesis catalyzed by immobilized Lipase in polyurethane as support in the ultrasound system. In addition, considered an environmentally correct and economically viable technology, it can be used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food industry.A Lipase B da Candida antarctica imobilizada em esterificação catalisada por poliuretano de ácido acético com álcool isoamílico em sistema mecânico e ultrassônico em sistema isento de solventes foi estudada. A esterificação máxima do acetato de isoamila catalisador imobilizado utilizado foi a maior esterificação, 666,05 U/g com 19 ciclos de reuso após 360 minutos de tempo de reação no sistema mecânico e 1319,48 U/g foi observado, e 14 ciclos de reuso após 60 minutos de reação no sistema de ultrassom. Assim, o processo foi considerado eficiente com redução significativa do tempo de reação, baixos requisitos instrumentais e melhora no desempenho dos bioprocessos. Até o momento não havia estudos disponíveis na literatura aberta com relação à síntese de ésteres catalisada pela Lipase imobilizada em poliuretano como suporte no sistema de ultrassom. Além disso, considerada uma tecnologia ambientalmente correta e economicamente viável, pode ser usada em cosméticos, produtos farmacêuticos e indústria alimentícia

Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis process of mechanically separated chicken meat / Otimização do processo de hidrólise enzimática de carne de frango mecanicamente separada

The main of this work was to evaluate the influence of the temperature, pH and enzyme concentration in the hydrolysis of mechanically separated chicken meat (MSCM) with and without previous heat treatment. The influence of pH (8.08 to 8.92), temperature (50.75ºC to 59.25ºC), enzyme concentration (0.38 to 4.62%) and reaction time (0.17 to 5.83 h) on the degree of hydrolysis and protein concentration were evaluated. The conditions that promoted the best degree of hydrolysis where 58°C, pH 8.5, enzyme concentration of 4.62 and reaction time of 3 h without previous heat treatment. The hydrolysed presented IC50 of 4 mg/mL. The MSCM hydrolyzed in these conditions is alternative of product with antioxidant properties with potential of application in foods.

Recovery of pectinases from Aspergillus niger using aqueous two-phase systems / Recuperação de pectinases de Aspergillus niger usando sistemas aquosos bifásicos

This work aimed to study the purification of pectinases by aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The crude enzymatic extract was produced by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and contained exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG), pectinmethylesterase (PME) and pectin lyase (PMGL). The ATPS systems tested consisted in the combinations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and potassium phosphate and sodium citrate, alcohol (ethanol, n-propanol and isopropanol) and salt (ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate and sodium citrate). The experiments showed higher recoveries using ATPS system - PEG/phosphate for the exo-PG were using 16% PEG 4.0 kDa/4.8% NaCl and 16% PEG 1.5 kDa/without NaCl, obtaining purification factors (PF) of 1.37 and 1.21 times and recovery (R) of 49 and 59%, respectively. However, for the enzymes PME and PMGL were of 4.8 and 4.7 fold and 478 and 241%, respectively. When used ATPS system - PEG/sodium citrate the best PF were of 2.4, 7.85 and 5.7 and R of 100, 331 and 239% for exo-PG, PME and PMGL, respectively. The ATPS system is an alternative and efficient method for the recovery and/or purification of pectinases. This work aimed to study the purification of pectinases by aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The crude enzymatic extract was produced by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and contained exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG), pectinmethylesterase (PME) and pectin lyase (PMGL). The ATPS systems tested consisted in the combinations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and potassium phosphate and sodium citrate, alcohol (ethanol, n-propanol and isopropanol) and salt (ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate and sodium citrate). The experiments showed higher recoveries using ATPS system - PEG/phosphate for the exo-PG were using 16% PEG 4.0 kDa/4.8% NaCl and 16% PEG 1.5 kDa/without NaCl, obtaining purification factors (PF) of 1.37 and 1.21 times and recovery (R) of 49 and 59%, respectively. However, for the enzymes PME and PMGL were of 4.8 and 4.7 fold and 478 and 241%, respectively. When used ATPS system - PEG/sodium citrate the best PF were of 2.4, 7.85 and 5.7 and R of 100, 331 and 239% for exo-PG, PME and PMGL, respectively. The ATPS system is an alternative and efficient method for the recovery and/or purification of pectinases. This work aimed to study the purification of pectinases by aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). The crude enzymatic extract was produced by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642 and contained exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG), pectinmethylesterase (PME) and pectin lyase (PMGL). The ATPS systems tested consisted in the combinations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and potassium phosphate and sodium citrate, alcohol (ethanol, n-propanol and isopropanol) and salt (ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate and sodium citrate). The experiments showed higher recoveries using ATPS system - PEG/phosphate for the exo-PG were using 16% PEG 4.0 kDa/4.8% NaCl and 16% PEG 1.5 kDa/without NaCl, obtaining purification factors (PF) of 1.37 and 1.21 times and recovery (R) of 49 and 59%, respectively. However, for the enzymes PME and PMGL were of 4.8 and 4.7 fold and 478 and 241%, respectively. When used ATPS system - PEG/sodium citrate the best PF were of 2.4, 7.85 and 5.7 and R of 100, 331 and 239% for exo-PG, PME and PMGL, respectively. The ATPS system is an alternative and efficient method for the recovery and/or purification of pectinases

Uso de membrana de microfiltração seguida de ultrafiltração no tratamento de efluente líquido de indústria de soro de leite / Use of microfiltration membrane followed by ultrafiltration in the treatment of liquid effluent from the whey industry

O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar membrana de microfiltração (MF) seguida de uma membrana de ultrafiltração (UF) no tratamento de efluente líquido de indústria de soro de leite. Foi verificado que o fluxo da membrana de MF foi maior que a de UF. Em relação aos parâmetros nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico total a membrana de UF se apresentou mais eficiente do que a de MF. No entanto, nenhum parâmetro avaliado (cor, pH, nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico total) apresentou valores dentro da faixa estabelecida pela Resolução 128 de 2006 do Conselho Estadual do Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul. 

Uso de membrana de microfiltração seguida de ultrafiltração no tratamento de efluente líquido de indústria de soro de leite / Use of microfiltration membrane followed by ultrafiltration in the treatment of liquid effluent from the whey industry

O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar membrana de microfiltração (MF) seguida de uma membrana de ultrafiltração (UF) no tratamento de efluente líquido de indústria de soro de leite. Foi verificado que o fluxo da membrana de MF foi maior que a de UF. Em relação aos parâmetros nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico total a membrana de UF se apresentou mais eficiente do que a de MF. No entanto, nenhum parâmetro avaliado (cor, pH, nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico total) apresentou valores dentro da faixa estabelecida pela Resolução 128 de 2006 do Conselho Estadual do Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul

Uso de membrana de microfiltração seguida de ultrafiltração no tratamento de efluente líquido de indústria de soro de leite / Use of microfiltration membrane followed by ultrafiltration in the treatment of liquid effluent from the whey industry

O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar membrana de microfiltração (MF) seguida de uma membrana de ultrafiltração (UF) no tratamento de efluente líquido de indústria de soro de leite. Foi verificado que o fluxo da membrana de MF foi maior que a de UF. Em relação aos parâmetros nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico total a membrana de UF se apresentou mais eficiente do que a de MF. No entanto, nenhum parâmetro avaliado (cor, pH, nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico total) apresentou valores dentro da faixa estabelecida pela Resolução 128 de 2006 do Conselho Estadual do Meio Ambiente do Rio Grande do Sul