Wilderness_maps_R.1

We present the most up-to-date temporally inter-comparable maps of global terrestrial wilderness areas and the Last of the Wild. These are in .shp format, and were created in ArcGIS

Corruption Index and Purchasing Power Parity for countries with Single Site Threatened Species (filled markers indicate the ten countries giving greatest returns on investment).

<p>Corruption Index and Purchasing Power Parity for countries with Single Site Threatened Species (filled markers indicate the ten countries giving greatest returns on investment).</p

Cumulative number of Single Site Threatened Species (SSTS) prioritised on the basis of number of species (n); purchasing power parity (PPP); corruption index (CI), CI*PPP, CI*PPP*n against the proportion of the total funds required to maintain all SSTS ((n*CI*PPP)/Σ(n*CI*PPP)).

<p>PPP and CI*PPP are virtually overlapping so only symbols are presented for CI*PPP.</p

The proportion of countries receiving Single Site Threatened Species (SSTS) investments based on five investment strategies, assuming the same average cost of species management.

<p>The proportion of countries receiving Single Site Threatened Species (SSTS) investments based on five investment strategies, assuming the same average cost of species management.</p

Map of priorities for funding of Single Site Threatened Species (SSTS) based on the balance between the purchasing power parity and the corruption index.

<p>Quintile colours run from dark blue (high returns on investment) through light blue, pink and red to crimson (low returns on investment). Countries in white lacked analysed SSTS.</p

Observations on breeding Night Parrots (<i>Pezoporus occidentalis</i>) in western Queensland

<p>A population of Night Parrots (<i>Pezoporus occidentalis</i>) was discovered in 2013 in western Queensland and has become the primary focus of efforts aimed at conserving habitat and protecting the species from extinction. Critical information on nesting habitat and location, breeding season and behaviour, clutch size and breeding success is currently limited to anecdotal 19th-century observations and accounts by early natural historians. Here we describe several breeding attempts at Pullen Pullen Reserve. Our observations include nest and fledgling descriptions, habitat and clutch characteristics, breeding seasonality, adult breeding behaviour and vocalisations. We also identify a King Brown Snake (<i>Pseudechis australis</i>) as the predator responsible for one nesting failure. Our observations confirm historical reports of nesting habitat, egg and clutch size and breeding seasonality and provide important new information on vocalisations and adult behaviour around an active nest. These new data provide a basis for future studies and conservation management of this enigmatic threatened species.</p

Key data inputs and output map from the systematic conservation planning framework.

<p>(A) Protected areas mapped using polygons and buffered points for nationally designated protected areas <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891#pbio.1001891-UNEP1" target="_blank">[3]</a>. (B) The number of native and extant globally threatened terrestrial and freshwater birds <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891#pbio.1001891-Birdlife1" target="_blank">[8]</a>, mammals <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891#pbio.1001891-International1" target="_blank">[10]</a>, and amphibians <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891#pbio.1001891-International1" target="_blank">[10]</a> per grid square. (C) The average annual agricultural opportunity cost of protecting each 30 km grid square in 2012 $US <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001891#pbio.1001891-Strassburg1" target="_blank">[17]</a>. (D) The distribution of priorities for establishing new protected areas to meet the national-level 17% targets under Aichi target 11 at minimal cost and ignoring ecological representation (red), for covering threatened species (green), and locations selected under both scenarios (yellow). The sizes of the circles in the Venn diagrams are proportional to the area required in each of the three categories.</p

Efficiency frontier between the cost of establishing additional protected areas to achieve 17% coverage and the number of species covered.

<p>The <i>y</i>-axis presents the proportion of each species adequacy target that is met within protected areas, summed across all species, and is not directly comparable to that of the other figures, which only count species whose protected area coverage meets or exceeds their target.</p

Costs and benefits of the current protected area network and for future protection scenarios that (a) meet country-level targets for protected area coverage; (b) meet these targets while also achieving 17% protection of each terrestrial ecoregion; (c) meet the targets from scenario a and protect a scaled fraction of the geographic ranges of threatened terrestrial birds, mammals, and amphibians; and (d) achieve the country-level targets for protected area coverage while also achieving five times the level of biodiversity protection relative to scenario a.

<p>*We use all non-Antarctic land areas (132,523,065 km²) as our denominator when calculating proportional protection.</p>†<p>Protection levels exceed 17% globally because some countries have already established protected area networks that exceed this level (Greenland, for instance, has already protected 41% of its land areas).</p

The number of globally threatened vertebrates that reach our adequacy targets (black), and the agricultural opportunity cost of establishing new protected areas (red), as the proportion of global land areas protected increases above 17%.

<p>The number of globally threatened vertebrates that reach our adequacy targets (black), and the agricultural opportunity cost of establishing new protected areas (red), as the proportion of global land areas protected increases above 17%.</p