Foreignising as translation strategy in prescribed books for second-language learners

The focus of the paper is to describe the transfer of culture-specific elements of the Afrikaans novel By die Lêplek van die Leeus (In the Lions' Den) by Louise Prinsloo to English. This is a prescribed book for Afrikaans second-language learners in Grade 11 in the Limpopo Province. The story deals with intercultural and interracial issues of a post-apartheid South Africa on a matter-of-fact, straightforward level which is appealing to young people who have to cope with such issues in their everyday lives. The story contains many elements from different cultures and languages: there is an Afrikaner community, a Zulu community and a Sotho boyfriend. This novel, with its incorporation of the languages of different cultural groups, is cast in the postcolonial mould. The translation is placed even more firmly within this mould because yet another language and culture come into play. Key Words: translation studies, functionalist model, postcolonial, culture-specific, multiculturality, translation strategies, foreignising Journal for Language Teaching Vol.38(2) 2004: 230-24

Inaugural BMC Ecology and Evolution image competition: the winning images

The inaugural BMC Ecology and Evolution image competition attracted entries from talented ecologists and evolutionary biologists worldwide. Together, these photos beautifully capture biodiversity, how it arose and why we should conserve it. This editorial celebrates the winning images as selected by the Editor of BMC Ecology and Evolution and senior members of the journal’s editorial board

Profil Cancer Delay Pada Kasus Kanker Payudara Di RS Onkologi Surabaya

Keterlambatan penatalaksanaan kanker (cancer delay) disebabkan oleh 3 faktor yang berhubungan dengan keterlambatan pasien (patient delay), keterlambatan dalam sistem kesehatan (referral delay), dan keterlambatan pasien mendapat perawatan (treatment delay). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui faktor yang memengaruhicancer delaypada pasien kanker payudara yang berobat di RS Onkologi Surabaya periode Januari 2013. Metode: Studi deskriptif analitik pada pasien kanker payudara yang datang dan dilakukan terapi di RS Onkologi Surabaya pada periode Januari 2013.Patient delaybila jarak waktu untuk pertama konsultasi di atas 3 bulan,referral delaybila pasien datang lebih dari 4 minggu dari tempat konsultasi pertama,treatment delaybila dari waktu diagnosis ditegakkan sampai waktu tindakan dilakukan lebih dari 4 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pasien dengan kanker payudara 152 pasien. Dari jumlah tersebut 36,18% di antaranyapatient delay, 25%referral delay, dan 13,16%treatment delay. Dari analisis statistik didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan antara ukuran tumor denganpatient delay(p<0,01). Pasien yang melakukan konsultasi pertama pada medis dan nonmedis denganreferral delay. Padatreatment delaydidapatkan hubungan yang signifikan antara pasien yang melakukan terapi lain sebelum datang ke RS Onkologi Surabaya. Tidak didapatkan hubungan signifikan antara usia dan pendidikan denganpatient delay. Kesimpulannya, ukuran tumor, pengobatan nonmedis, dan terapi lain yang dilakukan sebelum datang ke RS Onkologi Surabaya adalah faktor yang signifikan berhubungan dengan keterlambatan kanker payudara

Penerapan Metode Numbered Heads Together (Nht) Dilengkapi Lingkaran Buffer Untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Dan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Pada Materi Larutan Penyangga Kelas XI IPA 4 Sman 2 Karanganyar Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah: 1) penerapan Numbered Head Together (NHT) disertai lingkaran buffer dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar pada materi pokok larutan penyangga, 2) penerapan Numbered Head Together (NHT) disertai lingkaran buffer dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar pada materi pokok larutan penyangga. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang mengimplementasikan dua siklus. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPA 4 SMA Negeri 2 Karanganyar tahun pelajaran 2012/ 2013. Data penelitian yang diambil berupa prestasi belajar kognitif, afektif, motivasi dan psikomotor. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, tes, angket, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian dan analisis yang telah dilakukan diperoleh: 1) penerapan Numbered Head Together (NHT) disertai lingkaran buffer dapat meningkatkan motivasi belajar pada materi pokok larutan penyangga. Pada siklus I presentase motivasi sebesar 76,91 % yang kemudian meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 78,95%. 2) penerapan Numbered Head Together (NHT) disertai lingkaran buffer dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar pada materi pokok larutan penyangga. Presentase ketuntasan belajar siswa meningkat dari 28,57% pada siklus I menjadi 62,86 % pada siklus II. Untuk hasil belajar afektif menunjukkan peningkatan ketercapaian rata-rata indikator dari 75,43 % pada siklus I menjadi 76,31 % pada siklus II dan dari segi psikomotor, ketercapaian rata-rata indikator adalah 69,24%

Evolutionary patterns of proteinase activity in attine ant fungus gardens

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Attine ants live in symbiosis with a basidiomycetous fungus that they rear on a substrate of plant material. This indirect herbivory implies that the symbiosis is likely to be nitrogen deprived, so that specific mechanisms may have evolved to enhance protein availability. We therefore hypothesized that fungal proteinase activity may have been under selection for efficiency and that different classes of proteinases might be involved.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We determined proteinase activity profiles across a wide pH range for fungus gardens of 14 Panamanian species of fungus-growing ants, representing eight genera. We mapped these activity profiles on an independently obtained molecular phylogeny of the symbionts and show that total proteinase activity in lower attine symbionts peaks at ca. pH 6. The higher attine symbionts that have no known free-living relatives had much higher proteinase activities than the lower attine symbionts. Their total <it>in vitro </it>proteinase activity peaked at pH values around 5, which is close to the pH that the ants maintain in their fungus gardens, suggesting that the pH optimum of fungal proteinases may have changed after the irreversible domestication of evolutionary more derived fungal symbionts. This notion is also supported by buffering capacities of fungus gardens at pH 5.2 being remarkably high, and suggests that the fungal symbiont actively helps to maintain garden acidity at this specific level. Metalloproteinases dominated the activity profiles of lower attine gardens and may thus represent the ancestral type of proteinase production, whereas serine proteinase activity dominated the activity profiles of the higher attine gardens reared by <it>Trachymyrmex </it>and <it>Sericomyrmex</it>, suggesting that there may be trade-offs in the production of these enzyme classes. Remarkably, the single symbiont that is shared by species of the crown group of <it>Atta </it>and <it>Acromyrmex </it>leaf-cutting ants mostly showed metalloproteinase activity, suggesting that recurrent changes in enzyme production may have occurred throughout the domestication history of fungus-garden symbionts.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Proteinase pH optima and buffering capacities of fungal symbionts appear to have evolved remarkable adaptations to living in obligate symbiosis with farming ants. Although the functional roles of serine and metalloproteinases in fungus gardens are unknown, the differential production of these classes of proteolytic enzymes suggest that substrate specificity may be important and that trade-offs may prevent the simultaneous upregulation of both classes of enzymes.</p

Long-Term Storage Quality of Table Grapes as Influenced by Pre-Harvest Yeast Applications and Post-Harvest Use of Controlled Atmosphere

The effects of pre-harvest applications of antagonistic yeast and controlled atmosphere storage treatments on inhibiting Botrytis cinerea decay and maintaining the quality of table grapes were compared to identify a treatment that could replace the use of sulphur dioxide (SO2) during post-harvest handling. Treatments for this study included pre-harvest application of antagonistic yeasts Cryptococcus albidus (Yieldplus®), Cryptococcus sp. (LF) and Candida pelliculosa (R951) on table grapes (cvs. ‘Barlinka’, ‘Dauphine’, ‘Red Globe’, ‘Sunred Seedless’ and ‘ThompsonSeedless’) from 2001 to 2003. Grapes were stored under regular (air), controlled atmosphere (CA, O2 + CO2) and SO2 conditions at -0.5°C and subsequent storage at a 15°C to simulate shelf-life conditions. Results of this study showed that Botrytis decay levels did not develop rapidly due to low temperatures (-0.5°C vs 15°C), shorter storage periods (4 vs 8 weeks or 0 vs 7 vs 14 days), and CA treatment effects. The CA gas mixtures maintained commercially important low levels (less than 1%) of B. cinerea decay during the cold storage period at -0.5°C. However, during shelf-life storage at 15°C these low levels of decay could only be maintained by some of the SO2 treatments. A necessary commercial requirement is to maintain low decay levels for longer at higher shelf-life temperatures, forwhich this study cannot conclusively recommend a CA and/or antagonistic yeast treatment as an alternative to SO2.  However, pre-harvest applications of the yeast and CA limited the general quality deterioration of the grapes at -0.5°C and 15°C compared to SO2 treatments. Inclusion of macro- or micro-perforated polyethylene packaging liners in combination with CA and pre-harvest yeast treatments did not show obvious negative effects on quality parameters in this study. Discovery and selection of yeast strains that survive under low temperatures and CA conditions would make suitable candidates for continued control of decay development on the fruit surface during shelf-life storage periods