Structural basis for the neutralization of hepatitis E virus by a cross-genotype antibody

10.1038/cr.2015.34Cell Research255604-62

Presurgical localization of language regions and their networks

MEG language-evoked fields (LEFs) are reliably used for detecting the dominant hemisphere of language processing. This laterality measure is based on the accurate localization of Broca’s and Wernicke’s activated areas during language processing. There are several tasks ranging from semantic decision-making, verb generation, and picture naming to auditory word presentation that have been used with success. These tasks can be expressive (where Broca’s activity is strongly activated) or receptive (where Wernicke’s is strongly activated). In the general population, most right-handed individuals are left hemispheric dominant for language. Patients requiring surgical resection will have language mapping performed, so the surgeon can be aware that there may be displacement of either or both Broca’s and Wernicke’s language processing areas near the planned resection site. Since epilepsy may disrupt only Broca’s or only Wernicke’s networks, it is wise to map both expressive and receptive language processing. The use of MEG neuroimaging techniques is needed to reliably predict altered language networks in patients and to provide definitive identification of language eloquent cortices for localization and lateralization necessary for clinical care

Population genetics, community of parasites, and resistance to rodenticides in an urban brown rat (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) population

International audienceBrown rats are one of the most widespread urban species worldwide. Despite the nuisances they induce and their potential role as a zoonotic reservoir, knowledge on urban rat populations remains scarce. The main purpose of this study was to characterize an urban brown rat population from Chanteraines park (Hauts-de-Seine, France), with regards to haematology, population genetics, immunogenic diversity, resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides, and community of parasites. Haematological parameters were measured. Population genetics was investigated using 13 unlinked microsatellite loci. Immunogenic diversity was assessed for Mhc-Drb. Frequency of the Y139F mutation (conferring resistance to rodenticides) and two linked microsatellites were studied, concurrently with the presence of anticoagulant residues in the liver. Combination of microscopy and molecular methods were used to investigate the occurrence of 25 parasites. Statistical approaches were used to explore multiple parasite relationships and model parasite occurrence. Eighty-six rats were caught. The first haematological data for a wild urban R. norvegicus population was reported. Genetic results suggested high genetic diversity and connectivity between Chanteraines rats and surrounding population(s). We found a high prevalence (55.8%) of the mutation Y139F and presence of rodenticide residues in 47.7% of the sampled individuals. The parasite species richness was high (16). Seven potential zoonotic pathogens were identified, together with a surprisingly high diversity of Leptospira species (4). Chanteraines rat population is not closed, allowing gene flow and making eradication programs challenging, particularly because rodenticide resistance is highly prevalent. Parasitological results showed that co-infection is more a rule than an exception. Furthermore, the presence of several potential zoonotic pathogens, of which four Leptospira species, in this urban rat population raised its role in the maintenance and spread of these pathogens. Our findings should stimulate future discussions about the development of a long-term rat-control management program in Chanteraines urban park