Notas sobre o Congresso Internacional do Ensino, Bruxelas, 1801

Resumo Este texto analisa os Relatórios Preliminares do Congresso Internacional do Ensino, realizado em Bruxelas, na Bélgica, em 1880, quanto aos aspectos da sua organização e dos seus objetivos, especialmente os relacionados à educação da criança. O congresso pretendia elucidar e vulgarizar as questões sociais e pedagógicas relacionadas ao ensino de todos os graus. Para tanto, formularam-se questões, gerais e específicas, para cada seção, e indicaram-se convidados a respondê-las, o que configurou posições, opções e restrições. As questões versam sobre variados assuntos: os programas, o método intuitivo, Froebel, os materiais didáticos, as construções escolares, os museus escolares. A preocupação com a educação das crianças ocorre nas diversas seções, direta ou indiretamente. A difusão internacional de concepções e instituições educacionais ganha impulso com os congressos profissionais, em que representantes dos diversos países legitimam modelos de integração às nações civilizadas. Palavras-chave: congressos; ensino intuitivo; infância.   Abstract This text analyses the Preliminaries Reports from the Instruction International Congress, held at Brussels, Belgium, 1880, and focuses its aims and organizational aspects, especially those about the childhood education. The congress intended to explain and to spread the social and pedagogical issues related to all the schools grades. Therefore, it has been prepared general and specific questions, to each section, and specialists were invited to answer them, configuring positions, options and restrictions. These questions asked about several issues: programs, intuitive method, Froebel, didactical materials, school buildings, educational museums. Director indirectly, childhood education was under discussion in all sections. The growth of the international spread of educational conceptions and institutions is due to the professional congresses, wherein integration models to civilized nations were legitimated by delegates from various countries. Keywords: congresses; intuitive method; childhood

Parque Infantil: a singularidade e seus componentes

Este artigo tem como intenção problematizar a atribuição de originalidade da instituição extraescolar denominada parque infantil, integrado ao Departamento de Cultura da prefeitura da cidade de São Paulo em 1935. Apresentam-se articulações e propostas de instituições congêneres, com diferentes denominações. O playground norte-americano e sua história são focalizados no texto. Elencam-se e analisam-se elementos constitutivos dessas propostas. O texto se apoia em artigos e livros com resultados de pesquisas sobre o tema e em fontes documentais, como reportagens da imprensa diária, relatórios e comunicações a congressos, revistas e livros do período estudado, que retrocede à primeira metade do século XIX. Inspiradas em uma metodologia indiciária, a crítica historiográfica e a interpretação histórica têm como perspectiva situar o estudo da história da educação no quadro das relações sociais. A crítica historiográfica identifica a adoção de narrativas feitas pelos sujeitos que atuaram no período ou o uso das fontes sem problematização, simplificando os processos históricos. A interpretação se distancia de atribuir valor às instituições, seja de forma positiva ou negativa. Considera-se que não basta adjetivá-las como promotoras da cultura e da cidadania, ou ao contrário, do controle e da disciplina, pois ambas as dimensões podem ser identificadas nos elementos presentes nas propostas. A helioterapia e as escolas ao ar livre, o paisagismo e os parques urbanos, a educação física como impulsionadora dos ambientes educacionais ativos e das atividades culturais, as propostas da escola infantil britânica compõem a configuração do parque infantil

O playground e as propostas para a educação das crianças (da Infant School ao Parque Infantil, 1823-1935)

In the history of the playground since its development in the USA, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the equipment and pedagogical proposals adopted referred to two educational institutions created in the first half of the 19th century: the Infant School, in England, and Kindergarten, in German. The North American initiative spread in Latin America, as in Mexico, Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. In this historical research[3], we analyze the ideas about the playground defended by Samuel Wilderspin, responsible for the movement of Infant Schools in England.Then, we present some of the proposals of the Playground Association of America and some information about the spread of the playground in Latin America. The text analyzes how the compositions that led to its implantation were made through articulations focused on social policies that are not restricted to pedagogical and school matters, but also point at physical education, urbanism, and hygiene. These ideas are not limited to physical education proposals, aimed at sports, gymnastics, and leisure practices, since these institutions composed ideas for comprehensive education, involving different dimensions. Differences between countries are identified, which are due to the contexts in which the proposals were appropriated, as in the case of Parque Infantil and other variants of the institution in Brazil and the Plazas de Deportes e Escuelas ao Aire Libre in Uruguay. The confluences and distances in the history of these institutions across Latin America are a fertile field of investigation to be explored.n la historia del playground, desde su desarrollo en los EE. UU., a fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, se han adoptado propuestas pedagógicas y de equipos que se refieren a dos instituciones educativas creadas en la primera mitad del siglo XIX, la Infant School inglesa y el kindergarten aleman. La iniciativa norteamericana se extendió en América Latina, como en México, Argentina, Uruguay y Brasil. En este artículo de  investigación histórica, analizamos las ideas sobre el playground defendidas por Samuel Wilderspin, responsable del movimiento de las Infant Schools en Inglaterra. Luego, se presentan algunas de las propuestas de la Playground Association of America e información sobre la difusión del playground en Latinoamérica. El texto analiza cómo las composiciones que llevaron a su implantación se produjeron a través de articulaciones enfocadas en políticas sociales que no se limitan a cuestiones pedagógicas, escolares, sino también referidas a la educación física, el urbanismo y la higiene. Consideradas muchas veces como propuestas restringidas a la educación física, orientadas a las prácticas deportivas, gimnásticas y de recreación, estas instituciones componían propuestas de educación integral, involucrando diferentes dimensiones. Se identifican diferencias entre países, que se deben a los contextos en los que se apropiaron las propuestas, como en el caso del Parque Infantil y otras variantes de la institución en Brasil y las Plazas de Deportes en Escuelas al Aire Libre en Uruguay. Las confluencias y distancias en la historia de estas instituciones a lo largo de América Latina constituyen un fértil campo de investigación por explorar.Na história do playground, desde seu desenvolvimento nos EUA, no final do século XIX e início do século XX, adotaram-se equipamentos e propostas pedagógicas que remetem a duas instituições educacionais criadas na primeira metade do século XIX, a Infant School inglesa e o Kindergarten alemão. A iniciativa norte-americana espraiou-se na América Latina, como no México, na Argentina, no Uruguai e no Brasil. Neste artigo de pesquisa histórica, analisam-se as ideias sobre o playground defendidas por Samuel Wilderspin, responsável pelo movimento da Infant School na Inglaterra. Em seguida, apresentam-se algumas das propostas da Playground Association of America e informações sobre a difusão do playground na América Latina. O texto analisa como as composições que levaram à sua implantação foram produzidas por meio de articulações voltadas às políticas sociais que não se restringem a questões pedagógicas, escolares, mas estão referidas também à educação física, ao urbanismo e ao higienismo. Consideradas muitas vezes como restritas a propostas de educação física, voltadas a práticas desportivas, de ginástica e de lazer, essas instituições construíram propostas de educação integral envolvendo diferentes dimensões. Identificam-se diferenças entre os países, devido aos contextos em que as propostas foram apropriadas, como no caso do Parque Infantil, e outras variantes da instituição no Brasil, e das Plazas de Deportes e Escuelas al Aire Libre no Uruguai. As confluências e distâncias na história dessas instituições em toda a América Latina constituem um fértil campo de investigações a ser explorado

Second St. Gallen European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Gastrointestinal Cancer Conference: consensus recommendations on controversial issues in the primary treatment of rectal cancer

Primary treatment of rectal cancer was the focus of the second St. Gallen European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Gastrointestinal Cancer Conference. In the context of the conference, a multidisciplinary international expert panel discussed and voted on controversial issues which could not be easily answered using published evidence. Main topics included optimal pretherapeutic imaging, indication and type of neoadjuvant treatment, and the treatment strategies in advanced tumours. Here we report the key recommendations and summarise the related evidence. The treatment strategy for localised rectal cancer varies from local excision in early tumours to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) in combination with extended surgery in locally advanced disease. Optimal pretherapeutic staging is a key to any treatment decision. The panel recommended magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or MRI + endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) as mandatory staging modalities, except for early T1 cancers with an option for local excision, where EUS in addition to MRI was considered to be most important because of its superior near-field resolution. Primary surgery with total mesorectal excision was recommended by most panellists for some early tumours with limited risk of recurrence (i.e. cT1-2 or cT3a N0 with clear mesorectal fascia on MRI and clearly above the levator muscles), whereas all other stages were considered for multimodal treatment. The consensus panel recommended long-course RCT over short-course radiotherapy for most clinical situations where neoadjuvant treatment is indicated, with the exception of T3a/b N0 tumours where short-course radiotherapy or even no neoadjuvant therapy were regarded to be an option. In patients with potentially resectable tumours and synchronous liver metastases, most panel members did not see an indication to start with classical fluoropyrimidine-based RCT but rather favoured preoperative short-course radiotherapy with systemic combination chemotherapy or alternatively a liver-first resection approach in resectable metastases, which both allow optimal systemic therapy for the metastatic disease. In general, proper patient selection and discussion in an experienced multidisciplinary team was considered as crucial component of care

Resectable adenocarcinomas in the pancreatic head: the retroperitoneal resection margin is an independent prognostic factor

Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease, and even after assumed margin-free pancreatoduodenectomy, most patients die within few years. The aims were to evaluate the importance of standardised histopathologic assessment for adequacy of reporting and survival estimates, and to report on prognostic factors in a setting of standardised histopathologic assessment. We performed immunohistochemical evaluation, slide review, and review of histopathologic reports from all pancreatoduodenectomies at Rikshospitalet University Hospital in 1980–2004. Reports from 1998-2004 at this institution were compared with reports from all other Norwegian institutions in the same period. Standardised histopathologic assessment and reporting was found necessary to avoid underestimation of poor prognostic factors, and to avoid misdiagnosis of tumours originating from non-pancreatic tissue (ampulla, distal bile duct, duodenum). Standardised histopathology was more important than surgical volume for completeness of reporting and for reliability of survival estimates, particularly with respect to lymph node evaluation. Immunostaining for MUC1 and MUC4 identified a subgroup of patients with particularly poor prognosis. Standardised histopathologic evaluation should be a first prerequisite to assure adequate histopathology after pancreatoduodenectomy. Immunostaining may identify tumour markers potentially targetable in future adjuvant treatments for pancreatic cancer

Double Diffraction Dissociation at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider

We present results from a measurement of double diffraction dissociation in $\bar pp$ collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The production cross section for events with a central pseudorapidity gap of width $\Delta\eta^0>3$ (overlapping $\eta=0$) is found to be $4.43\pm 0.02{(stat)}{\pm 1.18}{(syst) mb}$ [$3.42\pm 0.01{(stat)}{\pm 1.09}{(syst) mb}$] at $\sqrt{s}=1800$ [630] GeV. Our results are compared with previous measurements and with predictions based on Regge theory and factorization.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, using RevTeX. Submitted to Physical Review Letter

Search for a Technicolor omega_T Particle in Events with a Photon and a b-quark Jet at CDF

If the Technicolor omega_T particle exists, a likely decay mode is omega_T -> gamma pi_T, followed by pi_T -> bb-bar, yielding the signature gamma bb-bar. We have searched 85 pb^-1 of data collected by the CDF experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron for events with a photon and two jets, where one of the jets must contain a secondary vertex implying the presence of a b quark. We find no excess of events above standard model expectations. We express the result of an exclusion region in the M_omega_T - M_pi_T mass plane.Comment: 14 pages, 2 figures. Available from the CDF server (PS with figs): http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/physics/pub98/cdf4674_omega_t_prl_4.ps FERMILAB-PUB-98/321-

Diffractive Dijet Production at sqrt(s)=630 and 1800 GeV at the Fermilab Tevatron

We report a measurement of the diffractive structure function $F_{jj}^D$ of the antiproton obtained from a study of dijet events produced in association with a leading antiproton in $\bar pp$ collisions at $\sqrt s=630$ GeV at the Fermilab Tevatron. The ratio of $F_{jj}^D$ at $\sqrt s=630$ GeV to $F_{jj}^D$ obtained from a similar measurement at $\sqrt s=1800$ GeV is compared with expectations from QCD factorization and with theoretical predictions. We also report a measurement of the $\xi$ ($x$-Pomeron) and $\beta$ ($x$ of parton in Pomeron) dependence of $F_{jj}^D$ at $\sqrt s=1800$ GeV. In the region $0.035<\xi<0.095$, $|t|<1$ GeV$^2$ and $\beta<0.5$, $F_{jj}^D(\beta,\xi)$ is found to be of the form $\beta^{-1.0\pm 0.1} \xi^{-0.9\pm 0.1}$, which obeys $\beta$-$\xi$ factorization.Comment: LaTeX, 9 pages, Submitted to Phys. Rev. Letter