Letter from Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr. to John Muir, 1911 May 13.

YALE UNIVERSITY,SECRETARY\u27S OFFICE,New Haven, Conn.,Hey 13, 1911.John Muir, LL.D.,Martinez, Cal.Dear Sir:-I was exceedingly glad to get your letter, accepting the invitation of the Yale Corporation to be present Commencement Day, to receive an honorary degree from the University.I write to inform you that you are invited to be the guest during your stay in New Haven of Professor William L. Phelps, whose address is 110 Whitney ave. I am sure that your host will be glad to be informed as to the date and hour of your arrival.I am enclosing a Commencement program. You are asked to be at Woodbridge Hall in Academic costume without hood Wednesday morning, June 21st, at 9.45 o\u27clock. If you do not happen to have a cap and gown and do not care to borrow them from friends, they may be secured from Nessrs. Cotrell & Leonard, State street, Albany, IT. Y. The hood will be presented to you by the University.Should you wish ladies tickets for any of the Conned cement exercises, we shall do our best to supply them if informed before June 13th. Your part in the Commencement Exercises consists merely of rising when your name is mentioned by the Public Orator, stepping forward a few paces and remaining facing the orator until he has finished his introduction; you then walk to the center of the platform, face the President and receive from him the diploma while at the same time a hood is being placed over your shoulders. You then return to your seat.It may be a relief to your mind to know that no speech or address will be required of you either at the Commencement Exercises or at the dinner following.Please let me know if I can be of service to you in connection with your visit to New Haven.Very truly yours,[illegible]1000

Letter from Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr. to John Muir, 1910 Jun 1.

YALE UNIVERSITY,SECRETARY\u27S OFFICE,New Haven, Conn.,June 1, 1910.John Muir, LL.D.,Martinez, Cal.Dear Sir:-I have the honor to inform you that at a meeting of the Yale Corporation held recently it was voted to confer upon you the degree of Doctor of Letters in case you can be present at the Commencement Exercises in New Haven, on Wednesday, June the twenty-second.We sincerely hope that you may be able to accept this invitation thereby enabling the University to honor itself in honoring you.I am enclosing a Commencement program. You are asked to be at Woodbridge Hall in Academic costume without hood Wednesday morning, June 22nd, at 9:45 o\u27clock promptly. If you do not happen to have a cap and gown and do not care to borrow them from friends, they may be secured from Messrs. Cotrell & Leonard, State Street, Albany, N. Y.As Commencement comes this year a week earlier than usual and as there is only three weeks before the Exercises, I would very highly appreciate & telegraphic reply at my expense.Very truly yours,[illegible]0477

THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE RESILIENCE OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS: THE CASE OF BOKO HARAM

Terrorist organizations (TOs) across Africa exhibit remarkable resilience despite extensive counter-terrorism financing measures. This study investigates the role of financial exclusion in sustaining terrorist operations, focusing on how limited access to formal financial services facilitates illicit financial flows. Using a mixed-methods approach, including quantitative analysis of financial inclusion data, governance indicators, and territorial control metrics across six African countries (Algeria, Egypt, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, and Nigeria), this research identifies critical thresholds that determine counter-terrorism success. The findings reveal that while territorial control above 93% significantly reduces terrorist incidents, sustainable counter-terrorism outcomes require concurrent improvements in governance effectiveness and financial inclusion. The study further highlights that digital financial inclusion alone, as seen in Mali, is insufficient without broader regulatory and security measures. Policy recommendations emphasize the need for an integrated approach that prioritizes security operations alongside institutional and financial sector reforms to disrupt terrorist financing networks effectively. This research contributes to counter-terrorism studies by refining the relationship between financial exclusion, governance weaknesses, and TO resilience.Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release: Distribution is unlimited.Outstanding ThesisLieutenant Colonel, Ghana Arm

Evidence of a metabolic memory to early-life dietary restriction in male C57BL/6 mice

<p>Background: Dietary restriction (DR) extends lifespan and induces beneficial metabolic effects in many animals. What is far less clear is whether animals retain a metabolic memory to previous DR exposure, that is, can early-life DR preserve beneficial metabolic effects later in life even after the resumption of ad libitum (AL) feeding. We examined a range of metabolic parameters (body mass, body composition (lean and fat mass), glucose tolerance, fed blood glucose, fasting plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin sensitivity) in male C57BL/6 mice dietary switched from DR to AL (DR-AL) at 11 months of age (mid life). The converse switch (AL-DR) was also undertaken at this time. We then compared metabolic parameters of the switched mice to one another and to age-matched mice maintained exclusively on an AL or DR diet from early life (3 months of age) at 1 month, 6 months or 10 months post switch.</p> <p>Results: Male mice dietary switched from AL-DR in mid life adopted the metabolic phenotype of mice exposed to DR from early life, so by the 10-month timepoint the AL-DR mice overlapped significantly with the DR mice in terms of their metabolic phenotype. Those animals switched from DR-AL in mid life showed clear evidence of a glycemic memory, with significantly improved glucose tolerance relative to mice maintained exclusively on AL feeding from early life. This difference in glucose tolerance was still apparent 10 months after the dietary switch, despite body mass, fasting insulin levels and insulin sensitivity all being similar to AL mice at this time.</p> <p>Conclusions: Male C57BL/6 mice retain a long-term glycemic memory of early-life DR, in that glucose tolerance is enhanced in mice switched from DR-AL in mid life, relative to AL mice, even 10 months following the dietary switch. These data therefore indicate that the phenotypic benefits of DR are not completely dissipated following a return to AL feeding. The challenge now is to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, the time course of these effects and whether similar interventions can confer comparable benefits in humans.</p&gt

Studies of di-jet survival and surface emission bias in Au+Au collisions via angular correlations with respect to back-to-back leading hadrons

We report first results from an analysis based on a new multi-hadron correlation technique, exploring jet-medium interactions and di-jet surface emission bias at RHIC. Pairs of back-to-back high transverse momentum hadrons are used for triggers to study associated hadron distributions. In contrast with two- and three-particle correlations with a single trigger with similar kinematic selections, the associated hadron distribution of both trigger sides reveals no modification in either relative pseudo-rapidity or relative azimuthal angle from d+Au to central Au+Au collisions. We determine associated hadron yields and spectra as well as production rates for such correlated back-to-back triggers to gain additional insights on medium properties.Comment: By the STAR Collaboration. 6 pages, 2 figure

Inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 7.7 - 39 GeV

A systematic study is presented for centrality, transverse momentum ($p_T$) and pseudorapidity ($\eta$) dependence of the inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow ($v_2$) at midrapidity($|\eta| < 1.0$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV. The results obtained with different methods, including correlations with the event plane reconstructed in a region separated by a large pseudorapidity gap and 4-particle cumulants ($v_2{4}$), are presented in order to investigate non-flow correlations and $v_2$ fluctuations. We observe that the difference between $v_2{2}$ and $v_2{4}$ is smaller at the lower collision energies. Values of $v_2$, scaled by the initial coordinate space eccentricity, $v_{2}/\varepsilon$, as a function of $p_T$ are larger in more central collisions, suggesting stronger collective flow develops in more central collisions, similar to the results at higher collision energies. These results are compared to measurements at higher energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ($\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 62.4 and 200 GeV) and at the Large Hadron Collider (Pb + Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV). The $v_2(p_T)$ values for fixed $p_T$ rise with increasing collision energy within the $p_T$ range studied ($< 2 {\rm GeV}/c$). A comparison to viscous hydrodynamic simulations is made to potentially help understand the energy dependence of $v_{2}(p_{T})$. We also compare the $v_2$ results to UrQMD and AMPT transport model calculations, and physics implications on the dominance of partonic versus hadronic phases in the system created at Beam Energy Scan (BES) energies are discussed.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. Version accepted by PR

Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus

High-energy nuclear collisions create an energy density similar to that of the universe microseconds after the Big Bang, and in both cases, matter and antimatter are formed with comparable abundance. However, the relatively short-lived expansion in nuclear collisions allows antimatter to decouple quickly from matter, and avoid annihilation. Thus, a high energy accelerator of heavy nuclei is an efficient means of producing and studying antimatter. The antimatter helium-4 nucleus ($^4\bar{He}$), also known as the anti-{\alpha} ($\bar{\alpha}$), consists of two antiprotons and two antineutrons (baryon number B=-4). It has not been observed previously, although the {\alpha} particle was identified a century ago by Rutherford and is present in cosmic radiation at the 10% level. Antimatter nuclei with B < -1 have been observed only as rare products of interactions at particle accelerators, where the rate of antinucleus production in high-energy collisions decreases by about 1000 with each additional antinucleon. We present the observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus, the heaviest observed antinucleus. In total 18 $^4\bar{He}$ counts were detected at the STAR experiment at RHIC in 10$^9$ recorded Au+Au collisions at center-of-mass energies of 200 GeV and 62 GeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. The yield is consistent with expectations from thermodynamic and coalescent nucleosynthesis models, which has implications beyond nuclear physics.Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures. Submitted to Nature. Under media embarg

Observation of D0D^0 meson nuclear modifications in Au+Au collisions at sNN\sqrt{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}} = 200 GeV

We report the first measurement of charmed-hadron ($D^0$) production via the hadronic decay channel ($D^0\rightarrow K^- + \pi^+$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 200\,GeV with the STAR experiment. The charm production cross-section per nucleon-nucleon collision at mid-rapidity scales with the number of binary collisions, $N_{bin}$, from $p$+$p$ to central Au+Au collisions. The $D^0$ meson yields in central Au+Au collisions are strongly suppressed compared to those in $p$+$p$ scaled by $N_{bin}$, for transverse momenta $p_{T}>3$ GeV/$c$, demonstrating significant energy loss of charm quarks in the hot and dense medium. An enhancement at intermediate $p_{T}$ is also observed. Model calculations including strong charm-medium interactions and coalescence hadronization describe our measurements.Comment: 7 pages including author list, 4 figures, submit to PRL with revised versio