Developmental malformation of the corpus callosum: a review of typical callosal development and examples of developmental disorders with callosal involvement

This review provides an overview of the involvement of the corpus callosum (CC) in a variety of developmental disorders that are currently defined exclusively by genetics, developmental insult, and/or behavior. I begin with a general review of CC development, connectivity, and function, followed by discussion of the research methods typically utilized to study the callosum. The bulk of the review concentrates on specific developmental disorders, beginning with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC)—the only condition diagnosed exclusively by callosal anatomy. This is followed by a review of several genetic disorders that commonly result in social impairments and/or psychopathology similar to AgCC (neurofibromatosis-1, Turner syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, Williams yndrome, and fragile X) and two forms of prenatal injury (premature birth, fetal alcohol syndrome) known to impact callosal development. Finally, I examine callosal involvement in several common developmental disorders defined exclusively by behavioral patterns (developmental language delay, dyslexia, attention-deficit hyperactive disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and Tourette syndrome)

Entry Mode Degree of Control, Firm Performance and Host Country Institutional Development: A Meta-Analysis

Among studies on performance outcomes of entry mode choices disagreement fueled by ambiguous research findings is apparent as regards whether the best per- formers are those firms that enter foreign countries with high or low entry mode degree of control. To solve this dilemma and test new hypotheses, the relationship between entry mode degree of control and firm performance is examined by meta- analyzing 133 studies (740,114 observations) covering entry mode choices from 1980 to 2010. We find that (a) overall high-control entry modes lead to higher per- formance, and (b) adopting high-control entry modes is particularly important for firms entering developing countries

Split management control and international joint venture performance

A framework is presented to characterize four different ways in which management control is partitioned between a multinational enterprise (MNE) and local partners within international joint ventures (JVs): split control management, shared management, MNE-partner-dominant management, and local-partner-dominant management. The framework was tested using a sample of international JVs in Korea. We found that JVs following the split control management performed better than any other approach. No performance differences were found among the remaining three types of management control. This suggests that MNEs and local partners should split control: that is, choose the activities to control so that those chosen activities can be matched with their respective firm-specific advantages. Journal of International Business Studies (2004) 35, 201–215. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400078

Revisiting multinational firms' tolerance for joint ventures: a trust-based approach

In spite of the increasing popularity of international joint ventures, managers express a high level of dissatisfaction with them. This paper argues that overemphasis on the outcome has resulted in a neglect of the social processes underlying the outcome. The paper elaborates upon the rationale for a cooperative approach towards interorganizational collaborative relationships based on trust, and discusses it in the context of joint ventures. This is then applied towards understanding multinational ownership preferences and tolerance for joint ventures. It is argued that trust-centered logic is largely consistent with approaches that emphasize the issue of ownership, and deepens and enriches the insights provided by the latter. A shift in focus from ownership to relational dynamics is encouraged. Journal of International Business Studies (2006) 37, 30–43. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400161

Human resources and international joint venture performance: a system perspective

Building on general systems theory, we argue that the multi-system nature of the international joint venture (IJV) drives two distinct but inter-related sets of human resource (HR) issues: a set whose core is mainly within the venture subsystem (within-IJV HR set), producing a detrimental impact on venture performance; and a set associated mainly with the relational tension along the interface between the parent and the venture subsystem (relational/interface HR set). The relational set is detrimental at the system level, but actually has a positive performance impact at the venture subsystem level. Hierarchical regression results from a sample of 265 China-based IJVs offer support for the above hypotheses developed around the two sets of HR issues. We discuss implications for IJV theory, research, and practice. Journal of International Business Studies (2005), 36, 505–518. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400154

Joint venture longevity in Southern and Eastern Mediterranean countries

International audienceCompanies from mature economies have considerably developed their investments in emerging markets in the recent period. These investments frequently take the form of international joint ventures (IJVs) signed with local partners. This trend also concerns Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEMED) countries where foreign investors often establish joint ventures to develop their growth strategies. This chapter focuses on the longevity of IJVs in SEMED countries: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Israel, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. The authors test the impact of two factors that are likely to influence IJV longevity in emerging markets: country risk and level of economic development. The empirical study is based on a sample of 124 international joint ventures observed between 1996 and 2010. Country risk is measured by Euromoney’s country risk rating, and the level of economic development by the World Bank’s classification concerning national income per capita. The statistical analysis shows that the level of economic development in the host country has a significant impact, whereas country risk does not influence IJV longevity. The obtained findings highlight the importance of economic factors for IJV longevity in the SEMED region