The Surgical Infection Society revised guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection

Background: Previous evidence-based guidelines on the management of intra-abdominal infection (IAI) were published by the Surgical Infection Society (SIS) in 1992, 2002, and 2010. At the time the most recent guideline was released, the plan was to update the guideline every five years to ensure the timeliness and appropriateness of the recommendations. Methods: Based on the previous guidelines, the task force outlined a number of topics related to the treatment of patients with IAI and then developed key questions on these various topics. All questions were approached using general and specific literature searches, focusing on articles and other information published since 2008. These publications and additional materials published before 2008 were reviewed by the task force as a whole or by individual subgroups as to relevance to individual questions. Recommendations were developed by a process of iterative consensus, with all task force members voting to accept or reject each recommendation. Grading was based on the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) system; the quality of the evidence was graded as high, moderate, or weak, and the strength of the recommendation was graded as strong or weak. Review of the document was performed by members of the SIS who were not on the task force. After responses were made to all critiques, the document was approved as an official guideline of the SIS by the Executive Council. Results: This guideline summarizes the current recommendations developed by the task force on the treatment of patients who have IAI. Evidence-based recommendations have been made regarding risk assessment in individual patients; source control; the timing, selection, and duration of antimicrobial therapy; and suggested approaches to patients who fail initial therapy. Additional recommendations related to the treatment of pediatric patients with IAI have been included. Summary: The current recommendations of the SIS regarding the treatment of patients with IAI are provided in this guideline

Potential link between caffeine consumption and pediatric depression: A case-control study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Early-onset depressive disorders can have severe consequences both from developmental and functional aspects. The etiology of depressive disorders is complex and multi-factorial, with an intricate interaction among environmental factors and genetic predisposition. While data from studies on adults suggest that caffeine is fairly safe, effects of caffeine in children, who are in period of rapid brain development, are currently unknown. Furthermore, systematic research addressing the relationship between depressive symptoms in children and caffeine consumption is lacking.</p> <p>The present study examined the effects of caffeine consumption on depressed mood in children with depression and non-depressed participants.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Children and adolescents (n = 51) already enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study, aged 9-12 years, were assessed for depressive symptoms with the Children Depressive Inventory (CDI). Psychopathological symptoms were assessed with the Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) and eating habits were assessed with the Nutrition-Behavior Inventory (NBI) <abbrgrp><abbr bid="B1">1</abbr></abbrgrp>. The children were compared to control children without psychopathology attending public schools in a Southern Brazilian city.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Participants with CDI scores ≥ 15 (mean = 19; S.D. = 4) also had high NBI scores (mean = 52; S.D. = 19, p < 0.001) suggestive of a relationship between depressive symptoms and environmental factors, in this case nutrition/behavior. Additional linear regression adjusted statistical analysis, considering the factors of consumption of sweets and caffeine individually, showed that caffeine, but not sweets, was associated with depressive symptoms.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These findings indicate that depressed children consume more caffeinated drinks than non-depressed children. Nonetheless while a strong association between depressive symptoms and caffeine consumption among children was found, further research should investigate whether or not this association is due to a cause and effect relationship.</p

2011 SOSORT guidelines: Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The International Scientific Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT), that produced its first Guidelines in 2005, felt the need to revise them and increase their scientific quality. The aim is to offer to all professionals and their patients an evidence-based updated review of the actual evidence on conservative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis (CTIS).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>All types of professionals (specialty physicians, and allied health professionals) engaged in CTIS have been involved together with a methodologist and a patient representative. A review of all the relevant literature and of the existing Guidelines have been performed. Documents, recommendations, and practical approach flow charts have been developed according to a Delphi procedure. A methodological and practical review has been made, and a final Consensus Session was held during the 2011 Barcelona SOSORT Meeting.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The contents of the document are: methodology; generalities on idiopathic scoliosis; approach to CTIS in different patients, with practical flow-charts; literature review and recommendations on assessment, bracing, physiotherapy, Physiotherapeutic Specific Exercises (PSE) and other CTIS. Sixty-five recommendations have been given, divided in the following topics: Bracing (20 recommendations), PSE to prevent scoliosis progression during growth (8), PSE during brace treatment and surgical therapy (5), Other conservative treatments (3), Respiratory function and exercises (3), Sports activities (6), Assessment (20). No recommendations reached a Strength of Evidence level I; 2 were level II; 7 level III; and 20 level IV; through the Consensus procedure 26 reached level V and 10 level VI. The Strength of Recommendations was Grade A for 13, B for 49 and C for 3; none had grade D.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These Guidelines have been a big effort of SOSORT to paint the actual situation of CTIS, starting from the evidence, and filling all the gray areas using a scientific method. According to results, it is possible to understand the lack of research in general on CTIS. SOSORT invites researchers to join, and clinicians to develop good research strategies to allow in the future to support or refute these recommendations according to new and stronger evidence.</p

Conhecimento sobre o transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade no Brasil Knowledge about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Brazil

OBJETIVO: Verificar o conhecimento da população sobre o transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) e de médicos, psicólogos e educadores sobre aspectos clínicos do transtorno. MÉTODOS: 2.117 indivíduos com idade > 16 anos, 500 educadores, 405 médicos (128 clínicos gerais, 45 neurologistas, 30 neuropediatras, 72 pediatras, 130 psiquiatras) e 100 psicólogos foram entrevistados pelo Instituto Datafolha. A amostra da população foi estratificada por região geográfica, com controle de cotas de sexo e idade. A abordagem foi pessoal. Para os profissionais (amostra aleatória simples), os dados foram coletados por telefone em Belém, Fortaleza, Recife, Salvador, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Curitiba e Porto Alegre. resultados: Na população, > 50% acreditavam que medicação para TDAH causa dependência, que TDAH resulta de pais ausentes, que esporte é melhor do que drogas como tratamento e que é viável o tratamento psicoterápico sem medicamentos. Dos educadores, > 50% acreditavam que TDAH resulta de pais ausentes, que tratamento psicoterápico basta e que os esportes substituem os medicamentos. Entre psicólogos, > 50% acreditavam que o tratamento pode ser somente psicoterápico. Dos médicos, > 50% de pediatras e neurologistas acreditavam que TDAH resulta de pais ausentes. CONCLUSÕES: Todos os grupos relataram crenças não respaldadas cientificamente, que podem contribuir para diagnóstico e tratamento inadequados. É urgente capacitar profissionais e estabelecer um programa de informação sobre TDAH para pais e escolas.<br>OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge of the general population concerning attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and of physicians, psychologists and teachers concerning clinical aspects of the disorder. METHODS: 2,117 individuals (age > 16 years), 500 teachers, 405 physicians (128 general practitioners, 45 neurologists, 30 neuropediatricians, 72 pediatricians, 130 psychiatrists) and 100 psychologists were interviewed by an independent research institute (Datafolha). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a population sample stratified by geographic region, controlled by sex and age. Telephone interviews were conducted with the professional groups in Belém, Fortaleza, Recife, Salvador, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Curitiba and Porto Alegre (simple random sampling). RESULTS: Of the general population, > 50% believed that ADHD drugs lead to addiction, that ADHD results from absent parents, that sports are a better treatment than drugs and that treatment with psychotherapy without drugs is feasible. Among teachers, > 50% believed that ADHD results from absent parents, that ADHD can be treated with psychotherapy alone and that sports can replace drugs. Among psychologists, > 50% believed that ADHD can be treated with psychotherapy alone. Among physicians, > 50% of pediatricians and neurologists believed that ADHD results from absent parents. CONCLUSION: All the groups reported beliefs that are not based on scientific evidence and that may contribute to inadequate diagnosis and treatment. It is urgent that these professional groups be trained and that an information program on ADHD be established for parents and schools

Development of genetic markers in celery based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms

Linkage relationships are reported for 34 markers in celery ( Apium graveolens L. var ‘dulce’) including 21 RFLP, 11 isozyme, and 2 morphological traits. The mapping was carried out in a cross between celery and an annual accession from Thailand, A143, and based on F 2 segregation of 136 plants. A total of 318 centiMorgans (cM) are covered by the markers distributed in 8 linkage groups. Probes for the identification of RFLPs were isolated from a celery cDNA library and were also obtained from heterologous sources. Eco RV, Eco RI, and Hind III were the most useful restriction enzymes in uncovering polymorphism. In our cross, 18% of the cDNA probes were found to be polymorphic for at least one of the enzymes used. Six of the markers showed significant deviations from expected F 2 ratios.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46011/1/122_2004_Article_BF00225034.pd