Survey on Efficient Audit Service to Ensure Data Integrity in Cloud Environment

Cloud computing is an internet based computing which provides different users an opportunity to store their data in the cloud While data outsourcing relieves the owner of the burden of the local data storage and maintenance but as they have no longer physical possession of outsourced data makes data integrity protection a very challenging task This paper explores the secure cryptographic hash function along with some other techniques that can be used by TPA to ensure the integrity of data stored in the cloud at regular intervals or on user reques

The electrophysiological and morphological characterisation of aminergic responsive neurones within the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in vitro

1. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is a key integrative centre of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in the control and maintenance of energy balance. Whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques were utilised, in isolated hypothalamic brain slice preparations, to investigate the electrophysiological and morphological properties of Arc neurones. Differential expression of subthreshold active conductances were identified and used to functionally classify Arc neurones into 8 electrophysiological clusters. This classification was based based upon differential expression of the following conductances: anomalous inward rectification (Ian); hyperpolarisation-activated non-selective cation conductance (Ih); transient outward rectification (Ia); T-type-like calcium conductance. Morphological analysis of recorded neurones, revealed retrospectively with biocytin staining, showed four populations based upon the orientation and number of primary dendrites. There were no obvious direct correlations between morphology and electrophysiological properties, suggesting considerable functional diversity of neurones and their associated circuits at the level of the Arc. 2. The physiological levels of glucose to which the brain is exposed are believed to be around 1-2.5 mM, and glucose-sensing neurones have been identified in the Arc. However, in vitro slice studies routinely use glucose around 10 mM in aCSF. The impact of this high level of glucose on fundamental properties and operation of hypothalamic circuits remains unclear. Here the effect of different ambient glucose levels (10 mM, hyperglycaemic and 2 mM, euglycaemic) on electrophysiological properties of Arc neurones was compared. Significant differences in passive and active subthreshold membrane properties of Arc neurones were observed, including: changes in neuronal input resistance, spontaneous activity and magnitude of Ih and Ia. Data from this study suggests a need to re-evaluate studies previously conducted in non-physiological levels of glucose. 3. The effects of noradrenaline (NA) on the neuronal excitability of hypothalamic Arc neurones were studied. Application of NA induced a membrane depolarisation and increase in electrical excitability in 51% of Arc neurones, including orexigenic NPY/AgRP neurones, a response that persisted in the presence of TTX indicating a direct effect. NA-induced depolarisation was mediated through α1-ARs, in particular through α1A-ARs, and associated with multiple ionic mechanisms including: closure of a potassium conductance, activation of a non-selective cation conductance, or a combination of the two. 4. NA also induced a membrane hyperpolarisation in a sub-population of Arc neurones (15%) including 4/9 putative anorexigenic CART-expressing neurones, the remaining CART neurones responded with a NA-induced excitation. NA-induced hyperpolarisation, mediated via α2-ARs and activation of one or more potassium conductances, persisted in the presence of TTX indicating a direct effect on Arc neurones. 7.5% of neurones responded to NA with biphasic inhibitory/excitatory responses. Taken together, these data suggest that NA, at least in part, excites a subpopulation of NPY/AgRP neurones and inhibits a population of CART expressing neurones which may serve an orexigenic role at the level of the Arc. 5. Histamine induced membrane depolarisation in a population of Arc neurones (65%), most likely through H1 receptors, via a direct effect on the postsysnaptic membrane. Histamine induced depolarisation through multiple ionic mechanisms, including closure of a potassium conductance or activation of an electrogenic pump

Monitoring Data Integrity while using TPA in Cloud Environment

Cloud Computing is the arising technology that delivers software, platform and infrastructure as a service over a network. Cloud minimizes the burden of users by allowing them to remotely store their data and eliminates the need of local storage and maintenance. Even though benefits are higher but while storing data in cloud, correctness of data and security are major concerns as there are many chances for CSP to behave unfaithfully towards users regarding the status of their outsourced data. In order to overcome the threat of integrity, user can entrust third party auditor to assess the risk of outsourced data when needed .For this, in our proposed scheme we are using SHA-2 which is cryptographic hash function to verify integrity of data along with XOR mechanism, Station-to-Station key protocol for key generation and mutual authentication with TPA

The electrophysiological and morphological characterisation of aminergic responsive neurones within the rat hypothalamic arcuate nucleus in vitro

1. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is a key integrative centre of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in the control and maintenance of energy balance. Whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques were utilised, in isolated hypothalamic brain slice preparations, to investigate the electrophysiological and morphological properties of Arc neurones. Differential expression of subthreshold active conductances were identified and used to functionally classify Arc neurones into 8 electrophysiological clusters. This classification was based based upon differential expression of the following conductances: anomalous inward rectification (Ian); hyperpolarisation-activated non-selective cation conductance (Ih); transient outward rectification (Ia); T-type-like calcium conductance. Morphological analysis of recorded neurones, revealed retrospectively with biocytin staining, showed four populations based upon the orientation and number of primary dendrites. There were no obvious direct correlations between morphology and electrophysiological properties, suggesting considerable functional diversity of neurones and their associated circuits at the level of the Arc. 2. The physiological levels of glucose to which the brain is exposed are believed to be around 1-2.5 mM, and glucose-sensing neurones have been identified in the Arc. However, in vitro slice studies routinely use glucose around 10 mM in aCSF. The impact of this high level of glucose on fundamental properties and operation of hypothalamic circuits remains unclear. Here the effect of different ambient glucose levels (10 mM, hyperglycaemic and 2 mM, euglycaemic) on electrophysiological properties of Arc neurones was compared. Significant differences in passive and active subthreshold membrane properties of Arc neurones were observed, including: changes in neuronal input resistance, spontaneous activity and magnitude of Ih and Ia. Data from this study suggests a need to re-evaluate studies previously conducted in non-physiological levels of glucose. 3. The effects of noradrenaline (NA) on the neuronal excitability of hypothalamic Arc neurones were studied. Application of NA induced a membrane depolarisation and increase in electrical excitability in 51% of Arc neurones, including orexigenic NPY/AgRP neurones, a response that persisted in the presence of TTX indicating a direct effect. NA-induced depolarisation was mediated through α1-ARs, in particular through α1A-ARs, and associated with multiple ionic mechanisms including: closure of a potassium conductance, activation of a non-selective cation conductance, or a combination of the two. 4. NA also induced a membrane hyperpolarisation in a sub-population of Arc neurones (15%) including 4/9 putative anorexigenic CART-expressing neurones, the remaining CART neurones responded with a NA-induced excitation. NA-induced hyperpolarisation, mediated via α2-ARs and activation of one or more potassium conductances, persisted in the presence of TTX indicating a direct effect on Arc neurones. 7.5% of neurones responded to NA with biphasic inhibitory/excitatory responses. Taken together, these data suggest that NA, at least in part, excites a subpopulation of NPY/AgRP neurones and inhibits a population of CART expressing neurones which may serve an orexigenic role at the level of the Arc. 5. Histamine induced membrane depolarisation in a population of Arc neurones (65%), most likely through H1 receptors, via a direct effect on the postsysnaptic membrane. Histamine induced depolarisation through multiple ionic mechanisms, including closure of a potassium conductance or activation of an electrogenic pump.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Living with husbands with a label of dementia. The experience and meaning of Punjabi Sikh wives.

Dementia and caregiving have received increasing research, clinical and political attention over the past forty years. However, such attention has been particularly focused on understanding the biomedical markers and interventions for dementia within majority populations. Little attention has been afforded to understanding alternative conceptualisations of dementia particularly from varying cultural and religious lens’. Existing research which has attempted to explore cultural understandings of dementia has done so in a homogenising manner and masked potential nuances between different cultures and religions. Research has also tended to shy away from exploring the impact of dementia upon spousal relationships. Given spouses (predominately wives) have been shown to deliver much of dementia caregiving this is an important area to illuminate, both for its clinical and moral implications. Taking in to account these two distinct gaps in knowledge, the present study aimed to explore the experiences and meanings of Punjabi Sikh wives in living with husbands who have a label of dementia. This study adopts a grounded theory methodology to explore the experiences of Punjabi Sikh wives living with husbands who have been given a diagnosis of dementia. Based on the accounts of eleven wives, a model was generated which revolved around the various processes associated with living with a husband with dementia. The emergent model consisted of three distinct, yet interacting theoretical processes, the wives’ responses, systemic responses and resistive responses. The wives’ responses centred around how they acknowledged, understood and ultimately lived with changes they experienced in their husbands and themselves. The systemic responses outlined the ways in which participants perceived their wider system to negate their responses through, ignoring, misunderstanding and denying the changes in their husbands. Finally, participants recounted their resistive responses against such systemic pressures. Based on the accounts of the participants, implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed