Mechanical properties of tungsten alloys with Y2O3 and titanium additions

In this research the mechanical behaviour of pure tungsten (W) and its alloys (2 wt.% Ti–0.47 wt.% Y2O3 and 4 wt.% Ti–0.5 wt.% Y2O3) is compared. These tungsten alloys, have been obtained by powder metallurgy. The yield strength, fracture toughness and elastic modulus have been studied in the temperature interval of 25 °C to 1000 °C. The results have shown that the addition of Ti substantially improves the bending strength and toughness of W, but it also dramatically increases the DBTT. On the other hand, the addition of 0.5% Y2O3, is enough to improve noticeably the oxidation behaviour at the higher temperatures. The grain size, fractography and microstructure are studied in these materials. Titanium is a good grain growth inhibitor and effective precursor of liquid phase in HIP. The simultaneous presence of Y2O3 and Ti permits to obtain materials with low pores presenc

Influencia de la composición y microestructura sobre las propiedades mecánicas de aleaciones de wolframio

Comunicaciones presentadas en: XXVI Encuentro del Grupo Español de Fractura, Santander, 25 marzo 2009.En esta investigación se estudia la influencia de la microestructura en el comportamiento mecánico del wolframio puro y aleaciones con contenidos de 0.5% de Y₂O₃ y 4% de Ti, todos ellos obtenidos mediante HIP. Con el fin de correlacionar el comportamiento macroscópico con los parámetros microestructurales, se ha analizado mediante microscopía óptica y electrónica de barrido, la microestructura y las superficies de fractura muestras ensayadas en flexión en tres puntos a diferentes temperaturas (entre 25 y 1000 °C). La medida del tamaño de grano de las muestras se ha realizado, de acuerdo con la norma ASTM E112, mediante un programa de análisis de imagen. Los resultados muestran que la adición de titanio al wolframio mejora las propiedades del material al obtenerse éste exento de porosidad. La formación de una solución sólida, y la estructura de tamaño de grano más fina, aumentan la resistencia mecánica del material hasta temperaturas superiores a 600 °C. Por otra parte la adición de itria comportamiento mecánico del wolframio puro a altas temperaturas, evitando la oxidación, pero no modifica sustancialmente el tamaño de grano obtenido bajo las condiciones de fabricación, debido a la formación de fases eutécticas.In this research the influence of the microstructure in the mechanical behaviour of pure tungsten and its alloys with 0.5% of yttrium oxide and 4% titanium contents, all of them manufactured by HIP, is considered. The microstructure and fracture surfaces of the samples tested in three points bending at different temperatures (between 25 and 1000 ºC) are studied by optical microscopy and SEM, in order to relation the macroscopic behaviour with the microstructural analyzed parameters. The size grain has been measured according to ASTM E112 code, using a image analysis software. The results show that the addition of titanium to the pure tungsten lets manufacture a material without pores improving its mechanical properties. The solid solution, and refined grain structure obtained in these materials, raised the mechanical behaviour up to 600 ºC. The yttrium oxide addition improved the mechanical properties at high temperatures respect to pure tungsten, and avoids oxidation. Nevertheless, this does not modify substantially the grain size obtained in the manufacturing conditions due to the eutectic constituent formation.Proyecto financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación en virtud de los proyectos MAT2006‐13005‐C03‐02, MAT2007‐29278‐E, y CSD00C-06-14102, por la Comunidad de Madrid a través del programa ESTRUMAT-CM (S-0505/MAT/0077) y por la Asociación EURATOM/CIEMAT/EFDA a través del contrato TW6-TTMA-002-EFDA.Publicad

Comportamiento mecánico de materiales masivos supercondcutores de segunda generación en función de la temperatura

En este trabajo se han analizado dos materiales masivos superconductores de base YBaCuO, con el objetivo de estudiar la influencia del método de procesado (método Bridgman y método Top-Seeding Melt Growth) y de la temperatura de ensayo en su comportamiento mecánico. Ambos materiales se ensayaron a temperatura ambiente (300 K) y a baja temperatura (77 K), determinandose la resistencia mecánica y la tenacidad a fractura en flexión en tres puntos. Además, en uno de los materiales, que presentaba anisotropía microestructural, se realizaron ensayos en las dos direcciones microestructuralmente más relevantes. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el comportamiento mecánico del material está controlado por los defectos y grietas introducidas durante el procesado y, por lo tanto, si se quiere mejorar las propiedades, debería reducirse la cantidad y el tamaño de estas imperfecciones.Postprint (published version

Superplastic deformation of directionally solidified nanofibrillar Al2O3-Y3Al5O12-Zr O2 eutectics

Nanofibrillar Al2O3–Y3Al5O12–ZrO2 eutectic rods were manufactured by directional solidification from the melt at high growth rates in an inert atmosphere using the laser-heated floating zone method. Under conditions of cooperative growth, the ternary eutectic presented a homogeneous microstructure, formed by bundles of single-crystal c-oriented Al2O3 and Y3Al5O12 (YAG) whiskers of ˜100 nm in width with smaller Y2O3-doped ZrO2 (YSZ) whiskers between them. Owing to the anisotropic fibrillar microstructure, Al2O3–YAG–YSZ ternary eutectics present high strength and toughness at ambient temperature while they exhibit superplastic behavior at 1600 K and above. Careful examination of the deformed samples by transmission electron microscopy did not show any evidence of dislocation activity and superplastic deformation was attributed to mass-transport by diffusion within the nanometric domains. This combination of high strength and toughness at ambient temperature together with the ability to support large deformations without failure above 1600 K is unique and shows a large potential to develop new structural materials for very high temperature structural applications

Mechanical behavior of tungsten-vanadium-lanthana alloys as function of temperature

The mechanical behavior of three tungsten (W) alloys with vanadium (V) and lanthana (La2O3) additions (W–4%V, W–1%La2O3, W–4%V–1%La2O3) processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) have been compared with pure-W to analyze the influence of the dopants. Mechanical characterization was performed by three point bending (TPB) tests in an oxidizing air atmosphere and temperature range between 77 (immersion tests in liquid nitrogen) and 1273 K, through which the fracture toughness, flexural strength, and yield strength as function of temperature were obtained. Results show that the V and La2O3 additions improve the mechanical properties and oxidation behavior, respectively. Furthermore, a synergistic effect of both dopants results in an extraordinary increase of the flexure strength, fracture toughness and resistance to oxidation compared to pure-W, especially at higher temperatures. In addition, a new experimental method was developed to obtain a very small notch tip radius (around 5–7 μm) and much more similar to a crack through the use of a new machined notch. The fracture toughness results were lower than those obtained with traditional machining of the notch, which can be explained with electron microscopy, observations of deformation in the rear part of the notch tip. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the microstructure and fracture surfaces was used to determine and analyze the relationship between the macroscopic mechanical properties and the micromechanisms of failure involved, depending on the temperature and the dispersion of the alloy

Comportamiento mecánico en función de la temperatura de aleaciones wolfranio-vanadio

Libro de proceedings de: XI Congreso Nacional de Materiales, Zaragoza, 23 junio 2010En esta investigación se evalúa el comportamiento mecánico del wolframio puro y de dos de sus aleaciones con contenidos de 2% y 4% de vanadio, fabricadas mediante prensado isostático en caliente (HIP). La caracterización mecánica se ha realizado mediante ensayos de flexión en tres puntos en atmósfera oxidante a distintas temperaturas comprendidas entre temperatura ambiente y 1000 ºC. Adicionalmente, se han realizado ensayos en inmersión en nitrógeno líquido para los de -197 ºC. Estos últimos valores pueden servir para una determinación más precisa de la temperatura la transición dúctil-frágil en éstos materiales, y de su posible comportamiento plástico o frágil a temperatura ambiente. Mediante estos ensayos ha sido posible obtener la tenacidad de fractura, la resistencia mecánica, el límite elástico y el módulo de elasticidad en función de la temperatura. Así mismo, se ha determinado la densidad y la dureza Vickers para dos cargas distintas, lo que permitido determinar la influencia de este parámetro en la medida realizada. Adicionalmente, se han examinado mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido las superficies de fractura. De esta forma ha sido posible determinar el modo de rotura y analizar la relación de las propiedades mecánicas macroscópicas con los micromecanismos de fallo involucrados.Este trabajo ha sido financiado por EFDA/CIEMAT WP08-09-MAT-WWALLOY, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MAT2007-29278-E, BIA2004-04835, y MAT2009- 13979-C03-02, y Comunidad de Madrid, SS2009/MAT-1585 y S2009/ENE-1679Publicad

Microstructura y propiedades mecánicas del material masivo superconductor YBCO a 300 y 77 K

En este trabajo se realiza una caracterización mecánica y microestructural del material masivo superconductor YBCO. El material ha sido procesado mediante dos técnicas distintas, Top -Seeding Melt Growth (TSMG)y Bridgman, y este estudio profundiza en el efecto de la microestructura, el método de procesado y la temperatura de ensayoen el comportamiento mecánico de material. Con el fin de conseguir un amplio conocimiento de sus propiedades mecánicas se han realizado ensayos de resistencia a flexión, tenacidad de fractura y dureza Vickers a 300 y 77 K. Asimismo, se llevaron a cabo ensayos de nanoindentación y el tamaño crítico del defecto semielíptico. Los resul+tados obtenidos muestran que el comportamiento mecánico de los dos material es está controlado por defectos y grietas, introducidas durante el procesado. También se ha encontrado un buen acuerdo entre el tamaño del defecto critico detectado experimentalmente con los valores obtenidos mediante de análisis de mecánica de fracturaPostprint (published version

Role of beta-stabilizing elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties evolution of modified PM Ti surfaces designed for biomedical applications

Invited keynotes paper from EUROPM2017, Milan.This work focuses on the evaluation of modified surfaces on Ti produced by powder metallurgy. These newly designed surface modifications are achieved by deposition and diffusion of a stable aqueous suspension prepared in one case from micro-sized Nb powder (Ti beta-stabilizer element) and in another case from Nb plus the addition of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, (thermo-reactive diffusion process). Different design parameters such as diffusion element (Nb or Mo), state of the Ti substrate (green or sintered) and the treatment process (diffusion or thermo-reactive diffusion) lead to all the surface-modified materials, GreenTi-Nb, SintTi-Nb and Ti-Nb-NH4Cl, GreenTi-Mo, SintTi-Mo and Ti-Mo-NH4Cl. The modified Ti surfaces present a gradient in composition and microstructure (beta / alpha+beta / alpha phases) resulting in an improvement in some of their mechanical properties: (1) higher micro-hardness in all the modified materials and (2) lower elastic modulus (more similar to that of the human bone) in those without NH4Cl.The authors would like to thank the funding provided for this research by the Regional Government of Madrid (program MULTIMAT-CHALLENGE-CM, ref. S2013/MIT- 2862), and by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (program MINECO, ref. PCIN-2016-123 and Ramón y Cajal contract RYC-2014-15014)

Microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of Ni-Zn ferrites prepared by Powder Injection Moulding

Nowadays, the electronic industry demands small and complex parts as a consequence of the miniaturization of electronic devices. Powder injection moulding (PIM) is an emerging technique for the manufacturing of magnetic ceramics. In this paper, we analyze the sintering process, between 900 °C and 1300 °C, of Ni–Zn ferrites prepared by PIM. In particular, the densification behaviour, microstructure and mechanical properties of samples with toroidal and bar geometry were analyzed at different temperatures. Additionally, the magnetic behaviour (complex permeability and magnetic losses factor) of these compacts was compared with that of samples prepared by conventional powder compaction. Finally, the mechanical behaviour (elastic modulus, flexure strength and fracture toughness) was analyzed as a function of the powder loading of feedstock. The final microstructure of prepared samples was correlated with the macroscopic behaviour. A good agreement was established between the densities and population of defects found in the materials depending on the sintering conditions. In general, the final mechanical and magnetic properties of PIM samples were enhanced relative those obtained by uniaxial compaction