Factors contributing to organizational change success or failure: a qualitative meta-analysis of 200 reflective case studies.

Change, and changing, exercise the minds of most managers most of the time. In consequence, leadership development and change management tend to be top priorities for many human resource development (HRD) professionals today. Despite this, much academic and practitioner literature suggests that 70% of all change programs fail. Through analyzing 200 organizational change case studies, this chapter examines this high failure rate, investigates leadership styles and their relationship to change, and explores the key factors that either enable or hinder successful change. The key findings of this examination were that the majority of the 200 studied change initiatives were considered successful and that using Kotter's change model, which has been long established, does not necessarily mean success; nor does the use of a democratic/participative leadership style. The most significant hindering factors and the key critical success factors are also acknowledged

Media and Ideology: Mutual Signifiers That Signify Each Other

This chapter aims mainly to provide a framework towards the sophisticated relation between "media" and "ideology" by putting the key thinkers' arguments, such as Marx, Gramsci, Althusser (and also Zizek's and Hall's complementary contributions), at the center. In order to fulfill this aim, the chapter will, firstly, elaborate on Marx's conception of ideology, as Marx's understanding of "ideology," "human being," and "the world" directly determines not only the direction and but also the content of the debates on media and ideology. Secondly, Gramsci's theory of "hegemony" will be scrutinized. In this way, the view claiming that the primary function of media is to produce "hegemony" through which the capitalist class maintains its own privileged position in society will be discussed. Finally, the chapter will discuss Althusser's notion of "ideology" and "ideological state apparatus." Thus, the reader will notice the way how media and ideology mutually include each other. © 2020, IGI Global